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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1985
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1985
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1991
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1991
      Data sources: VIRTA
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    Authors: Tsupari, Eemeli; Soimakallio, Sampo; Arnold, Mona;

    Objectives recently set by the EU to mitigate climate change and to reduce waste landfilling, in addition to increased energy prices, have increased attentions to utilise energy content of the waste streams. Waste utilisation to energy can be divided in two common practices. These are combustion in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants and SRF (or REF/RDF) co-firing in power plants with other fuels. In comparison with WtE plants, one advantage of co-firing is higher power to heat ratio. This significantly effect on the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of these practices because the difference in produced electricity is compensated by "marginal production" which often results relatively high CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the refining process of SRF consumes energy and energy content of the sidestream may not be utilised. In addition, if sidestream will be landfilled it causes methane emissions. In the integrated "Climate action and renewable energy package" of the EU published in January 2008 mandatory emission reduction targets are proposed separately to ETS (Emission Trading Scheme) sector and non-ETS sector. Targets for the non-ETS sector are national and CO2 emissions from new WtE plants planned to Finland will possible be excluded from the ETS and therefore counted in the non-ETS sector. Electricity and heat from waste combustion, however, usually substitute fuels and emissions in the ETS sector making it more difficult to achieve national targets of the non-ETS sector. In this study, different scenarios to utilise the thermal energy of landfilled municipal solid waste in Finland were assessed. It is difficult to estimate the amount of waste in the future and therefore the present amount and composition were used as default values in the calculations. Uncertainty was estimated for every parameter used in the calculations. The results are presented as probability distributions based on the stochastic modelling. Differences in GHG emissions of the scenarios were hundreds of thousands CO 2-equivalent tons annually in both the ETS and the non-ETS sectors. In non-ETS sector the differences correspond 3-14% of the non-ETS sector total reduction target set for Finland. Sectors combined it seems that the best scenarios probably reduce GHG emissions from 0.5 up to 1 Mt annually comparing today even if reduced emissions from landfilling are not taken into account. In the worst scenarios GHG emissions from power and heat production may even increase. However, quantitative estimations are not presented for GHG reduction from reduced landfilling due to the fact that amount of considered waste is the same in all scenarios. This results equal reduction in emissions and causes therefore no bias when scenarios are compared. However, emissions from possibly landfilled sidestream of SRF refining process are included to calculations. Mitigation of climate change will require many relatively expensive operations. In the case of waste utilisation, also cost savings in addition to emission reductions can be obtained by optimal recycling of materials and energy. According to the results of this study, waste fractions which could be refined to SRF with a reasonable yield should not, from the climate change mitigation point of view, be incinerated. Higher electricity production and thus greater substitution of fossil fuels is achieved by REF co-firing.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finlandarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Pure VTT Finland
    Report . 1999
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Pure VTT Finland
      Report . 1999
      Data sources: Pure VTT Finland
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1995
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1995
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 2003
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 2003
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao http://juuli.fi/Reco...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sipilä, Kari; Wistbacka, Magnus; Väätäinen, Anne;

    Esitutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Outokumpu Finnmines Oy:n omistaman Pyhäsalmen sinkkikaivoksen käyttökelpoisuutta CAES laitoksen (Compressed Air Energy Storage) paineilmavarastona. Sinkkikaivos sijaitsee Pyhäsalmen kaupungissa. Kaivos lopettaa toimintansa nykyisten malmivara arvioiden mukaan vuonna 1998. Varsinaisia malmilouhoksia on tällä hetkellä noin miljoona kuutiometriä ja ne ulottuvat yli 800 metrin syvyyteen. CAES laitoksen tuottamaa sähköä käytettäisiin Revon Sähkö Oy:n 20 kunnan yhteisen sähköyhtiön järjestelmässä säätöenergiana vuorokausi viikkojaksolla. Varastoa ladataan kompressorilla, kun sähkön kulutusta on vähän ja sähkön tuotannon rajakustannus on halpaa. Paineilmavarastoa puretaan aina sähkön huippukulutustilanteissa, jolloin sähkön tuotannon rajakustannus on kallis. Tulevaisuudessa sähkökaupan vapautuminen antaa mahdollisuuden sähkön tilapäiskauppaan ns. TPA periaatteella (Third Party Access). Hankkeessa selvitettiin kaivostilan muuttamisen teknillisiä ja taloudellisia mahdollisuuksia paineilmavarastoksi. Esiselvityksen perusteella Pyhäsalmen kaivostiloissa +600 tason alapuolella on huomattavan tiiviitä ja kestäviä kallioalueita, jotka saattavat soveltua paineilmavaraston rakennuspaikaksi. Toteuttamiskelpoisin, toimintavarmin ja lopullisilta kustannuksiltaan edullisin paineilmavarastovaihtoehto Pyhäsalmen kaivoksessa on uutena louhittu varastotila, joka sijaitsee mahdollisimman syvällä kaivoksen alaosassa, tiiviissä ja lujassa kalliossa mahdollisimman kaukana louhoksista. Vesiverhon rakentaminen on todennäköisesti tarpeen. Varaston hintavaihtelu noin 15 milj. mk:sta 50 milj. mk:aan koon ja varastotyypin mukaan sekä riippuen siitä, onko kyseessä valmiista kaivostilasta (vinotiestä) konvertoitu vai kokonaan uutena louhittu varasto. Kokonaan uuden varastotilan louhiminen osoittautuu useita kymmeniä prosentteja (yli 30 %) edullisemmaksi kuin vinotien erottaminen varastokäyttöön. Konvertointivaihtoehtojen kalleus johtuu tarvittavien betonieristeiden runsaudesta ja korkeista kustannuksista sekä vanhan tilan tiivistyskustannuksista. Vesiverhon aiheuttama kustannus varastorakentamisessa on noin 5 7 milj. mk. Lisäksi vesiverhon vuosittaiset käyttökustannukset ovat vähintäin 300 000 mk:n luokkaa. Vakiotilavuusvarasto maksaa kokoluokassa 30 000 m³ noin 21 milj. mk ja kokoluokassa 100 000 m³ noin 32 milj.mk (vesiverholla varustettuna). Vesikuilun sisältävä vakiopainevarasto Pyhäsalmen tapauksessa on tässä käytettyjen oletusten perusteella noin 5 milj.mk. kalliimpi kuin vastaava kompensoimaton vakiotilavuusvarasto. Esitutkimuksessa todetaan, että CAES laitoksen koon optimointi edellyttää myös aina ostosähkötariffihankinnan ja vesienergian käytön uudelleen optimointia. CAES laitoksen käyttö pienentää vesivaraston käyttöä lyhytaikaissäätöön. Ostosähkön hankinnassa keskienergian osuus pienenee ja huippuenergian osuus kasvaa, kuitenkin oston kokonaismäärä pienenee ja tehohuipun leikkauskyky on n. 75% CAES laitoksen sähkötehosta. CAES peruslaitoskokona käytettiin 210 MWh/ 30 000 m³ paineilmavarastokokoa, 34 MWe:n kaasuturpiinia ja 25 MWe:n kompressoria. Laitoksen polttoaineena oli kevyt polttoöljy. Laitoksen peruskoon valinta osoittautui erittäin onnistuneeksi. Parempi tuotto saatiin 41 MWe:n kaasuturpiinilaitoskoolle 150 MWh/20 000 m³:n paineilmavarastolla, jolloin sähkön huipunleikkauskyky paranee. Laitoksen kielletty käyttöalue alle minimitehon kuitenkin lisääntyy ja käyttötuntimäärä jää ensimmäisinä käyttövuosina vähäiseksi. CAES laitoksen vuosituotto jäi parhaimpinakin vuosina 5,0 - 5,5 milj. mk, mikä ei riitä tuottamaan yli 100 milj. mk:n investointia takaisin 20 vuodessa edes 0 %:n korolla. Herkkyystarkasteluna laskettiin tapaus, jossa Revon Sähkö Oy:n kokoinen laitos hankkii H 85 tariffiostona sähköenergiansa ja laitos rakentaa CAES laitoksen 210 MWh/ 34 MWe. Tässä tapauksessa saadaan investoinnille n. 1 %:n tuotto 20 vuoden jaksolla. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin tapausta, jossa öljyn hinta olisi puolet käytetystä hinnasta. Vuosituotto ylittää investoinnin vuosikustannuksen, muttei anna investoinnille vaadittua 5 %:n tuottoa 20 vuoden jaksolla. CAES laitoksen investointikustannus on Suomen tariffihintarakenteseen liian korkea. Pitäisi pyrkiä yksinkertaisempiin laitosratkaisuihin ja hyödyntää valmistajien valmiita kaasuturpiini ja kompressoriratkaisuja. CAES laitoksen käyttömahdollisuus myös normaalina kaasuturpiinilaitoksena toisi lisäpiirteen laitoksen käyttöön säätövoimana säilyttäen kuitenkin suuren tehohuipun leikkausmahdollisuuden paineilmavaraston avulla. Maakaasun käyttömahdollisuus pienentää polttoainekustannuksia verrattuna polttoöljyyn, jolloin käyttötalous paranee. Jos vesivoiman suhteellinen osuus energian tuotannosta pienenee, CAES laitosratkaisu voisi olla varteen otettava vaihtoehto säätövoiman hankintaan.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
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    Pure VTT Finland; VTT Research Information System
    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 1994
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Pure VTT Finland; VTT Research Information System
      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 1994
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://cris.vtt.fi/...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Linna, Veli; Kaipainen, Heikki; Okkonen, Jaakko;

    Aurinkolämmön käytön teknillisiä ja taloudellisia edellytyksiä hakkeen puhallinkuivauksessa selvitetään ja samojen aurinkolämpökerääjien muita käyttömahdollisuuksia arvioidaan. Kokeita varten rakennettiin kahta eri tyyppiä olevat aurinkolämpökerääjät ja liitettiin ne kylmäilmakaivurin lämmönlähteeksi. Kuivauskokeita tehtiin hakkeella ja palaturpeella. Kirjallisuusosassa käsitellään aluksi konvektiokaivauksen teoriaa sekä puun rakennetta ja kuivausominaisuuksia. Myös turpeen kuivausominaisuuksia käsitellään lyhyesti. Lisäksi esitetään hakkeen varastointiin, kuivaukseen ja kylmäilmakuivurin mitoitukseen liittyviä seikkoja sekä arvioidaan kuivauksesta saatava hyöty. Kirjallisuusosan lopuksi käsitellään auringon säteilyenergiaa, aurinkokerääjien toimintaa, rakennetta, materiaaleja ja mitoitusta sekä kerääjästä saatavaa hyötyä hakkeen kuivauksessa. Hakkeella tehdyt kaksi kuivauskoetta osoittivat kuivauksen onnistumisen edellyttävän kuivurin käytön osaamista, jotta vältyttäisiin hakkeen pilaantumiselta. Erityisesti on huomioitava kuivurin täyttötapa ja hakkeen riittävä tuuletus. Hakkeen säilyvyyden kannalta on tärkeää, että varastointikosteus on kauttaaltaan alle 25 %, joten kosteuserot hakepatjan pinta- ja pohjaosien välillä eivät saa olla liian suuret. Palaturpeen kuivauksessa tulee käyttää suurempia kerrospaksuuksia kuin hakkeen kuivauksessa, koska palaturve kuivuu selvästi hitaammin kuin hake. Palaturpeen kuivauksessa ongelmia aiheuttaa murska, joka olisi hyvä seuloa pois ennen kuivausta.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1985
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1985
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1991
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1991
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tsupari, Eemeli; Soimakallio, Sampo; Arnold, Mona;

    Objectives recently set by the EU to mitigate climate change and to reduce waste landfilling, in addition to increased energy prices, have increased attentions to utilise energy content of the waste streams. Waste utilisation to energy can be divided in two common practices. These are combustion in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants and SRF (or REF/RDF) co-firing in power plants with other fuels. In comparison with WtE plants, one advantage of co-firing is higher power to heat ratio. This significantly effect on the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of these practices because the difference in produced electricity is compensated by "marginal production" which often results relatively high CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the refining process of SRF consumes energy and energy content of the sidestream may not be utilised. In addition, if sidestream will be landfilled it causes methane emissions. In the integrated "Climate action and renewable energy package" of the EU published in January 2008 mandatory emission reduction targets are proposed separately to ETS (Emission Trading Scheme) sector and non-ETS sector. Targets for the non-ETS sector are national and CO2 emissions from new WtE plants planned to Finland will possible be excluded from the ETS and therefore counted in the non-ETS sector. Electricity and heat from waste combustion, however, usually substitute fuels and emissions in the ETS sector making it more difficult to achieve national targets of the non-ETS sector. In this study, different scenarios to utilise the thermal energy of landfilled municipal solid waste in Finland were assessed. It is difficult to estimate the amount of waste in the future and therefore the present amount and composition were used as default values in the calculations. Uncertainty was estimated for every parameter used in the calculations. The results are presented as probability distributions based on the stochastic modelling. Differences in GHG emissions of the scenarios were hundreds of thousands CO 2-equivalent tons annually in both the ETS and the non-ETS sectors. In non-ETS sector the differences correspond 3-14% of the non-ETS sector total reduction target set for Finland. Sectors combined it seems that the best scenarios probably reduce GHG emissions from 0.5 up to 1 Mt annually comparing today even if reduced emissions from landfilling are not taken into account. In the worst scenarios GHG emissions from power and heat production may even increase. However, quantitative estimations are not presented for GHG reduction from reduced landfilling due to the fact that amount of considered waste is the same in all scenarios. This results equal reduction in emissions and causes therefore no bias when scenarios are compared. However, emissions from possibly landfilled sidestream of SRF refining process are included to calculations. Mitigation of climate change will require many relatively expensive operations. In the case of waste utilisation, also cost savings in addition to emission reductions can be obtained by optimal recycling of materials and energy. According to the results of this study, waste fractions which could be refined to SRF with a reasonable yield should not, from the climate change mitigation point of view, be incinerated. Higher electricity production and thus greater substitution of fossil fuels is achieved by REF co-firing.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ VTT Research Informa...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Pure VTT Finland
    Report . 1999
    Data sources: Pure VTT Finland
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finlandarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Pure VTT Finland
      Report . 1999
      Data sources: Pure VTT Finland
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 1995
    Data sources: VIRTA
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 1995
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    VIRTA
    Report . 2003
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao VIRTAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      VIRTA
      Report . 2003
      Data sources: VIRTA
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao http://juuli.fi/Reco...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Sipilä, Kari; Wistbacka, Magnus; Väätäinen, Anne;

    Esitutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Outokumpu Finnmines Oy:n omistaman Pyhäsalmen sinkkikaivoksen käyttökelpoisuutta CAES laitoksen (Compressed Air Energy Storage) paineilmavarastona. Sinkkikaivos sijaitsee Pyhäsalmen kaupungissa. Kaivos lopettaa toimintansa nykyisten malmivara arvioiden mukaan vuonna 1998. Varsinaisia malmilouhoksia on tällä hetkellä noin miljoona kuutiometriä ja ne ulottuvat yli 800 metrin syvyyteen. CAES laitoksen tuottamaa sähköä käytettäisiin Revon Sähkö Oy:n 20 kunnan yhteisen sähköyhtiön järjestelmässä säätöenergiana vuorokausi viikkojaksolla. Varastoa ladataan kompressorilla, kun sähkön kulutusta on vähän ja sähkön tuotannon rajakustannus on halpaa. Paineilmavarastoa puretaan aina sähkön huippukulutustilanteissa, jolloin sähkön tuotannon rajakustannus on kallis. Tulevaisuudessa sähkökaupan vapautuminen antaa mahdollisuuden sähkön tilapäiskauppaan ns. TPA periaatteella (Third Party Access). Hankkeessa selvitettiin kaivostilan muuttamisen teknillisiä ja taloudellisia mahdollisuuksia paineilmavarastoksi. Esiselvityksen perusteella Pyhäsalmen kaivostiloissa +600 tason alapuolella on huomattavan tiiviitä ja kestäviä kallioalueita, jotka saattavat soveltua paineilmavaraston rakennuspaikaksi. Toteuttamiskelpoisin, toimintavarmin ja lopullisilta kustannuksiltaan edullisin paineilmavarastovaihtoehto Pyhäsalmen kaivoksessa on uutena louhittu varastotila, joka sijaitsee mahdollisimman syvällä kaivoksen alaosassa, tiiviissä ja lujassa kalliossa mahdollisimman kaukana louhoksista. Vesiverhon rakentaminen on todennäköisesti tarpeen. Varaston hintavaihtelu noin 15 milj. mk:sta 50 milj. mk:aan koon ja varastotyypin mukaan sekä riippuen siitä, onko kyseessä valmiista kaivostilasta (vinotiestä) konvertoitu vai kokonaan uutena louhittu varasto. Kokonaan uuden varastotilan louhiminen osoittautuu useita kymmeniä prosentteja (yli 30 %) edullisemmaksi kuin vinotien erottaminen varastokäyttöön. Konvertointivaihtoehtojen kalleus johtuu tarvittavien betonieristeiden runsaudesta ja korkeista kustannuksista sekä vanhan tilan tiivistyskustannuksista. Vesiverhon aiheuttama kustannus varastorakentamisessa on noin 5 7 milj. mk. Lisäksi vesiverhon vuosittaiset käyttökustannukset ovat vähintäin 300 000 mk:n luokkaa. Vakiotilavuusvarasto maksaa kokoluokassa 30 000 m³ noin 21 milj. mk ja kokoluokassa 100 000 m³ noin 32 milj.mk (vesiverholla varustettuna). Vesikuilun sisältävä vakiopainevarasto Pyhäsalmen tapauksessa on tässä käytettyjen oletusten perusteella noin 5 milj.mk. kalliimpi kuin vastaava kompensoimaton vakiotilavuusvarasto. Esitutkimuksessa todetaan, että CAES laitoksen koon optimointi edellyttää myös aina ostosähkötariffihankinnan ja vesienergian käytön uudelleen optimointia. CAES laitoksen käyttö pienentää vesivaraston käyttöä lyhytaikaissäätöön. Ostosähkön hankinnassa keskienergian osuus pienenee ja huippuenergian osuus kasvaa, kuitenkin oston kokonaismäärä pienenee ja tehohuipun leikkauskyky on n. 75% CAES laitoksen sähkötehosta. CAES peruslaitoskokona käytettiin 210 MWh/ 30 000 m³ paineilmavarastokokoa, 34 MWe:n kaasuturpiinia ja 25 MWe:n kompressoria. Laitoksen polttoaineena oli kevyt polttoöljy. Laitoksen peruskoon valinta osoittautui erittäin onnistuneeksi. Parempi tuotto saatiin 41 MWe:n kaasuturpiinilaitoskoolle 150 MWh/20 000 m³:n paineilmavarastolla, jolloin sähkön huipunleikkauskyky paranee. Laitoksen kielletty käyttöalue alle minimitehon kuitenkin lisääntyy ja käyttötuntimäärä jää ensimmäisinä käyttövuosina vähäiseksi. CAES laitoksen vuosituotto jäi parhaimpinakin vuosina 5,0 - 5,5 milj. mk, mikä ei riitä tuottamaan yli 100 milj. mk:n investointia takaisin 20 vuodessa edes 0 %:n korolla. Herkkyystarkasteluna laskettiin tapaus, jossa Revon Sähkö Oy:n kokoinen laitos hankkii H 85 tariffiostona sähköenergiansa ja laitos rakentaa CAES laitoksen 210 MWh/ 34 MWe. Tässä tapauksessa saadaan investoinnille n. 1 %:n tuotto 20 vuoden jaksolla. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin tapausta, jossa öljyn hinta olisi puolet käytetystä hinnasta. Vuosituotto ylittää investoinnin vuosikustannuksen, muttei anna investoinnille vaadittua 5 %:n tuottoa 20 vuoden jaksolla. CAES laitoksen investointikustannus on Suomen tariffihintarakenteseen liian korkea. Pitäisi pyrkiä yksinkertaisempiin laitosratkaisuihin ja hyödyntää valmistajien valmiita kaasuturpiini ja kompressoriratkaisuja. CAES laitoksen käyttömahdollisuus myös normaalina kaasuturpiinilaitoksena toisi lisäpiirteen laitoksen käyttöön säätövoimana säilyttäen kuitenkin suuren tehohuipun leikkausmahdollisuuden paineilmavaraston avulla. Maakaasun käyttömahdollisuus pienentää polttoainekustannuksia verrattuna polttoöljyyn, jolloin käyttötalous paranee. Jos vesivoiman suhteellinen osuus energian tuotannosta pienenee, CAES laitosratkaisu voisi olla varteen otettava vaihtoehto säätövoiman hankintaan.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Pure VTT Finland; VTT Research Information System
    Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 1994
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Pure VTT Finland; VTT Research Information System
      Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine . Conference object . 1994
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://cris.vtt.fi/...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://cris.vtt.fi/...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Linna, Veli; Kaipainen, Heikki; Okkonen, Jaakko;

    Aurinkolämmön käytön teknillisiä ja taloudellisia edellytyksiä hakkeen puhallinkuivauksessa selvitetään ja samojen aurinkolämpökerääjien muita käyttömahdollisuuksia arvioidaan. Kokeita varten rakennettiin kahta eri tyyppiä olevat aurinkolämpökerääjät ja liitettiin ne kylmäilmakaivurin lämmönlähteeksi. Kuivauskokeita tehtiin hakkeella ja palaturpeella. Kirjallisuusosassa käsitellään aluksi konvektiokaivauksen teoriaa sekä puun rakennetta ja kuivausominaisuuksia. Myös turpeen kuivausominaisuuksia käsitellään lyhyesti. Lisäksi esitetään hakkeen varastointiin, kuivaukseen ja kylmäilmakuivurin mitoitukseen liittyviä seikkoja sekä arvioidaan kuivauksesta saatava hyöty. Kirjallisuusosan lopuksi käsitellään auringon säteilyenergiaa, aurinkokerääjien toimintaa, rakennetta, materiaaleja ja mitoitusta sekä kerääjästä saatavaa hyötyä hakkeen kuivauksessa. Hakkeella tehdyt kaksi kuivauskoetta osoittivat kuivauksen onnistumisen edellyttävän kuivurin käytön osaamista, jotta vältyttäisiin hakkeen pilaantumiselta. Erityisesti on huomioitava kuivurin täyttötapa ja hakkeen riittävä tuuletus. Hakkeen säilyvyyden kannalta on tärkeää, että varastointikosteus on kauttaaltaan alle 25 %, joten kosteuserot hakepatjan pinta- ja pohjaosien välillä eivät saa olla liian suuret. Palaturpeen kuivauksessa tulee käyttää suurempia kerrospaksuuksia kuin hakkeen kuivauksessa, koska palaturve kuivuu selvästi hitaammin kuin hake. Palaturpeen kuivauksessa ongelmia aiheuttaa murska, joka olisi hyvä seuloa pois ennen kuivausta.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Pure VTT Finland; VT...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao