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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Norbert Amougou; Isabelle Bertrand; Stéphane Cadoux; Sylvie Recous;

    AbstractEnergy crops are currently promoted as potential sources of alternative energy that can help mitigate the climate change caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). The perennial crop Miscanthus × giganteus is considered promising due to its high potential for biomass production under conditions of low input. However, to assess its potential for GHG mitigation, a better quantification of the crop's contribution to soil organic matter recycling under various management systems is needed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of abscised leaves on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) recycling in a Miscanthus plantation. The dynamics of senescent leaf fall, the rate of leaf decomposition (using a litter bag approach) and the leaf accumulation at the soil surface were tracked over two 1‐year periods under field conditions in Northern France. The fallen leaves represented an average yearly input of 1.40 Mg C ha−1 and 16 kg N ha−1. The abscised leaves lost approximately 54% of their initial mass in 1 year due to decomposition; the remaining mass, accumulated as a mulch layer at the soil surface, was equivalent to 7 Mg dry matter (DM) ha−1 5 years after planting. Based on the estimated annual leaf‐C recycling rate and a stabilization rate of 35% of the added C, the annual contribution of the senescent leaves to the soil C was estimated to be approximately 0.50 Mg C ha−1yr−1 or 10 Mg C ha−1 total over the 20‐year lifespan of a Miscanthus crop. This finding suggested that for Miscanthus, the abscised leaves contribute more to the soil C accumulation than do the rhizomes or roots. In contrast, the recycling of the leaf N to the soil was less than for the other N fluxes, particularly for those involving the transfer of N from the tops of the plant to the rhizome.

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    GCB Bioenergy
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    GCB Bioenergy
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GCB Bioenergyarrow_drop_down
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      GCB Bioenergy
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      GCB Bioenergy
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pierre, Mathieu;

    Cette thèse présente une étude du transport électronique à basse température dans des transistors à effet de champ nanométriques en silicium sur isolant. Leur comportement électrique dépend notamment de la constitution des jonctions entre les réservoirs et le canal, qui est déterminée lors de la fabrication par l'utilisation d'espaceurs de part et d'autre de la grille. Cette différence de comportement est exacerbée à basse température. Dans des transistors très courts, de longueur de grille typique égale à 30 nm, compte tenu de la diffusion des dopants lors du recuit d'activation, il est possible d'obtenir sous la grille un unique donneur bien couplé aux deux réservoirs. Sa présence est révélée par de l'effet tunnel résonant à travers les niveaux d'énergie associés à ses orbitales, observé à basse température à des tensions de grille inférieures au seuil du transistor. L'estimation de l'énergie d'ionisation de ce donneur donne une valeur supérieure à la valeur attendue pour un donneur dans du silicium massif, ce qui est attribué à l'effet du confinement diélectrique du donneur. À l'inverse, il est possible de définir des résistances d'accès au canal suffisantes pour y confiner les électrons. Un transistor se comporte alors comme un transistor mono-électronique à basse température, dont l'îlot est situé sous la grille. Ce moyen de créer un transistor mono-électronique est étendu à des systèmes d'îlots couplés, en déposant plusieurs grilles entre la source et le drain. Plusieurs comportements sont obtenus selon l'écart entre les grilles et la longueur des espaceurs. Ces systèmes sont utilisés pour réaliser le transfert d'un électron unique. We present low temperature electronic transport measurements in silicon-on-insulator nano-MOSFETs. Their electrical properties depend in particular on the junctions between the reservoirs and the transistor channel, determined during fabrication by the spacers deposited on both sides of the gate. The behaviour differences are emphasized at low temperature. In ultra-scaled transistors, with a typical gate length of 30 nm, dopants diffusion during activation annealing can result in a single dopant well coupled to the reservoirs located in the middle of the channel, below the gate. It is revealed at low temperature below the transistor threshold by resonant tunnelling through its energy levels. An estimation of its ionization energy gives an enhanced value as compared to the bulk value, attributed to the dielectric confinement of the donor. On the contrary, electrons can be confined in the transistor channel by high enough access resistances. Thus samples turn at low temperature into single electron transistors, with the island located below the gate. It is extended to coupled dots systems, by depositing several gates between source and drain. Their behaviour depends on the distance between gates and on spacers length. These systems are used to transfer a single electron.

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    Other literature type . 2010
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    Authors: Ivan Powis; R.C. Menzies; D.M.P. Holland; Alexander B. Trofimov; +6 Authors

    The influence of vibronic coupling on the outer valence ionic states of cis-dichloroethene has been investigated by recording photoelectron spectra over the excitation range 19–90 eV using plane polarized synchrotron radiation, for two polarization orientations. The photoelectron anisotropy parameters and electronic state branching ratios derived from these spectra have been compared to theoretical predictions obtained with the continuum multiple scattering approach. This comparison shows that the photoionization dynamics of the à 2B2, B̃ 2A1, C̃ 2A2, and D̃ 2B1 states, all of which are formed through the ejection of an electron from a nominally chlorine lone-pair orbital, exhibit distinct evidence of the Cooper minimum associated with the halogen atom. While retaining a high degree of atomic character, these orbital ionizations nevertheless display clear distinctions. Simulations, assuming the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer and the Franck-Condon approximations, of the X̃ 2B1, à 2B2, and D̃ 2B1 state photoelectron bands have allowed some of the vibrational structure observed in the experimental spectra to be assigned. The simulations provide a very satisfactory interpretation for the X̃ 2B1 state band but appear less successful for the à 2B2 and D̃ 2B1 states, with irregularities appearing in both. The B̃ 2A1 and C̃ 2A2 state photoelectron bands exhibit very diffuse and erratic profiles that cannot be reproduced at this level. Photoelectron anisotropy parameters, β, have been evaluated as a function of binding energy across the studied photon energy range. There is a clear step change in the β values of the à 2B2 band at the onset of the perturbed peak intensities, with β evidently adopting the value of the B̃ 2A1 band β. The D̃ 2B1 band β values also display an unexpected vibrational level dependence, contradicting Franck-Condon expectations. These various behaviors are inferred to be a consequence of vibronic coupling in this system International audience

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    The Journal of Chemical Physics
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
      The Journal of Chemical Physics
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: J Boughaleb; Arthur Arnaud; P.-J. Cottinet; Stephane Monfray; +6 Authors

    The interest in energy harvesting devices has grown with the development of wireless sensors requiring small amounts of energy to function. The present article addresses the thermal investigation of a coupled piezoelectric and bimetal-based heat engine. The thermal energy harvester in question converts low-grade heat flows into electrical charges by achieving a two-step conversion mechanism for which the key point is the ability to maintain a significant thermal gradient without any heat sink. Many studies have previously focused on the electrical properties of this innovative device for energy harvesting but until now, no thermal modeling has been able to describe the device specificities or improve its thermal performances. The research reported in this paper focuses on the modeling of the harvester using an equivalent electrical circuit approach. It is shown that the knowledge of the thermal properties inside the device and a good comprehension of its heat exchange with the surrounding play a key role in the optimization procedure. To validate the thermal modeling, finite element analyses as well as experimental measurements on a hot plate were carried out and the techniques were compared. The proposed model provided a practical guideline for improving the generator design to obtain a thermally matched energy harvester that can function over a wide range of hot source temperatures for the same bimetal. A direct application of this study has been implemented on scaled structures to maintain an important temperature difference between the cold surface and the hot reservoir. Using the equations of the thermal model, predictions of the thermal properties were evaluated depending on the scaling factor and solutions for future thermal improvements are presented. International audience

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Smart Materials and ...arrow_drop_down
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    Smart Materials and Structures
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2015
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Smart Materials and ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Smart Materials and Structures
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2015
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    Authors: Guilhem Lacaze; Thomas Schmitt; Anthony Ruiz; Joseph C. Oefelein;

    International audience; At supercritical conditions, thermodynamics may become strongly nonlinear which is reflected by large thermodynamic Jacobian values. This means that small variations in density, momentum or energy can result in large pressure perturbations. Because of such nonlinearities, simulations of high-pressure flows are subject to stability issues when the conservative form of the Navier-Stokes system is employed. In high-Reynolds number simulations, transported quantities are altered by numerical scheme errors, stabilization methods and filtering procedures. These alterations affect density and energy independently and may lead to significant pressure oscillations due to the nonlinear behavior of the equation of state. The objective of the present work is to compare three methods based on different sets of transport equations, to measure their impact on pressure and mixing temperature. A classical fully-conservative approach based on the transport of internal energy is compared to two quasi-conservative methods: a pressure-based and an enthalpy-based formulation. A suite of test cases of increasing complexity is employed to expose the main differences between these approaches, at conditions relevant for engineering applications. The analysis first confirmed that the energy-based formulation is prone to artificial pressure fluctuations caused by the interaction between thermodynamic nonlinearities and the numerical dissipation introduced by the stabilization scheme. It is also demonstrated that despite the stability properties of the pressure-based formulation, the mixing temperature is not properly captured since the pressure equation is not used in its conservative form. The enthalpy-based approach however, offers an improved representation of the mixing thermodynamic state while avoiding non-physical pressure variations.

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    Computers & Fluids
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    Computers & Fluids
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Claire Parent; Michèle Crèvecoeur; Nicolas Capelli; James F. Dat;

    ABSTRACTSoil flooding is an environmental constraint that is increasingly important for forest ecosystems, affecting tree growth and regeneration. As a result, selection pressure will alter forest diversity and distribution by favouring tree species tolerant of soil oxygen deprivation. Sessile and pedunculate oaks are the most abundant oak species and they exhibit a strong differential tolerance to waterlogging. In order to gain some understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance of both species to hypoxia, we undertook the characterization of the physiological, morphological, cellular and molecular responses of both species to flooding stress. Our results indicate that pedunculate oak, the more tolerant species, succeeded in maintaining its growth, water status and photosynthetic activity at a higher level than sessile oak. Furthermore, pedunculate oak developed aerenchyma in its root cortex as well as adventitious roots. The later exhibited a strong accumulation of class1 non‐symbiotic haemoglobin localized by in situ hybridization in the protoderm and in some cortical cells. In conclusion, the higher tolerance of pedunculate oak to flooding was associated with an enhanced capacity to maintain photosynthesis and water homeostasis, coupled with the development of adaptive features (aerenchyma, adventitious roots) and with a higher expression of non‐symbiotic haemoglobin in the roots.

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    Plant Cell & Environment
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Ghorra-Gobin, Cynthia;

    International audience; New Urbanism is a North-American planning movement which seeks to offer an alternative to urban sprawl. It seeks to provide an urban form favoring walkability and density. Is it a model for sustainability or a set of ideas and practices for improving architects and planners's intervention? The article which is based on interviews and visists to some American NU projects is to answer the question.; Le New Urbanism est un courant de pensée nord-américain qui propose une alternative à l'étalement urbain. Il promeut une forme urbaine réhabilitant la marche à pied et favorisant la compacité. Peut-il toutefois prétendre à viser la soutenabilité et à s'ériger comme modèle? Ne peut-il être qualifié de corpus d'idées et de valeurs destinés à infléchir les pratiques des professionnels? L'article propose de répondre à ce double questionnement à partir d'un travail de terrain mené dans quelques lotissements NU aux Etats-Unis.

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    Authors: Costa, Erick Cardoso; Xavier, Fabio Antonio; Knoblauch, Ricardo; Binder, Cristiano; +1 Authors

    International audience; The cutting of silicon wafers using multi-diamond wire sawing is a critical stage in solar cell manufacturing due to brittleness of silicon. Improving the cutting process output requires an in-depth understanding of phenomena associated with cutting parameters. In order to investigate the influence of diamond wire sawing on surface integrity of monocrystalline silicon, a looped diamond wire was used and cutting parameters wire cutting speed, feed rate and wire tension were varied. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness Sa was measured with a non-contact profilometer. The brittle-ductile transition was identified by presence of residual phases on sawn surface. A bevel-polishing method was employed to determine the microcrack depth. The results show that with higher feed rate the surface presents deeper and wider craters because of deeper penetration of diamond grain. On increasing wire cutting speed, there were more regions formed in ductile mode. The higher Sa values was observed on increasing both feed rate and wire tension, whileSa decreased with an increase in wire cutting speed. The brittle mode was predominant with an increase in feed rate, resulting in Si-I phase in regions formed in fragile mode. Material removal in ductile mode led to appearance of a-Si phase at high wire cutting speed. No significant effect was observed on increasing wire tension. Subsurface microcracks mainly initiating from bottom of grooves generated by cutting mechanism. The most appropriate set of cutting parameters is the lowest feed rate and wire tension and highest wire cutting speed.

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    Solar Energy
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Solar Energy
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Grevsmühl, Sebastian;

    International audience; This special issue on the visual cultures of global environmental issues proposes innovative research directions by introducing new methodological frameworks and profoundly rethinking the crucial role of the visual in environmental research. The five papers gathered here were written by researchers coming from various disciplinary and cultural backgrounds, thus helping bridge the divides between different disciplinary traditions. Each essay examines the notion of the 'global environment', and of 'global environmental images' in particular, from a different theoretical perspective. From these emerge shared concerns about underlying aesthetics and politics, and reflections on the tensions that arise when visualising the environment, especially when objects and theories are at a global scale. In this introduction, I reflect upon two aspects across the five papers exploring tensions between the 'local' and the 'global', as well as the politics of images within global environmental research. Considered as an ensemble, this special issue calls for sustained interdisciplinary inquiry into global environmental images, paying close attention to the nature of this new type of global knowledge, the imaginaries mobilised, as well as the politics, power struggles, asymmetries and marginalisation processes which are inevitably involved when talking about the global environment.

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    Authors: Fam, Pape Abdoulaye; Paquelet, Stéphane; Crussière, Matthieu; Hélard, Jean-François; +1 Authors

    An exponential growth of the mobile data traffic is expected in future networks. The reason of this growth is related to the increasing popularity of linear services such as mobile TV, live and sports events, which may lead to the delivery of the same contents to a large audience. With this mobile data traffic explosion, the power demand of future wireless networks is predicted to dramatically increase. This energy consumption issue, if unaddressed, may lead to the restriction of many new services. Based on these facts, recent studies have shown that network cooperation is a promising candidate to deal with such issues. This paper investigates, from an energy efficiency point of view, the performances of using a hybrid unicast/broadcast network to deliver linear services to mobile and portable devices. Results show that cooperation will decrease the total power consumption of the hybrid network. National audience

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    Authors: Norbert Amougou; Isabelle Bertrand; Stéphane Cadoux; Sylvie Recous;

    AbstractEnergy crops are currently promoted as potential sources of alternative energy that can help mitigate the climate change caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs). The perennial crop Miscanthus × giganteus is considered promising due to its high potential for biomass production under conditions of low input. However, to assess its potential for GHG mitigation, a better quantification of the crop's contribution to soil organic matter recycling under various management systems is needed. The aim of this work was to study the effect of abscised leaves on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) recycling in a Miscanthus plantation. The dynamics of senescent leaf fall, the rate of leaf decomposition (using a litter bag approach) and the leaf accumulation at the soil surface were tracked over two 1‐year periods under field conditions in Northern France. The fallen leaves represented an average yearly input of 1.40 Mg C ha−1 and 16 kg N ha−1. The abscised leaves lost approximately 54% of their initial mass in 1 year due to decomposition; the remaining mass, accumulated as a mulch layer at the soil surface, was equivalent to 7 Mg dry matter (DM) ha−1 5 years after planting. Based on the estimated annual leaf‐C recycling rate and a stabilization rate of 35% of the added C, the annual contribution of the senescent leaves to the soil C was estimated to be approximately 0.50 Mg C ha−1yr−1 or 10 Mg C ha−1 total over the 20‐year lifespan of a Miscanthus crop. This finding suggested that for Miscanthus, the abscised leaves contribute more to the soil C accumulation than do the rhizomes or roots. In contrast, the recycling of the leaf N to the soil was less than for the other N fluxes, particularly for those involving the transfer of N from the tops of the plant to the rhizome.

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    GCB Bioenergy
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      GCB Bioenergy
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pierre, Mathieu;

    Cette thèse présente une étude du transport électronique à basse température dans des transistors à effet de champ nanométriques en silicium sur isolant. Leur comportement électrique dépend notamment de la constitution des jonctions entre les réservoirs et le canal, qui est déterminée lors de la fabrication par l'utilisation d'espaceurs de part et d'autre de la grille. Cette différence de comportement est exacerbée à basse température. Dans des transistors très courts, de longueur de grille typique égale à 30 nm, compte tenu de la diffusion des dopants lors du recuit d'activation, il est possible d'obtenir sous la grille un unique donneur bien couplé aux deux réservoirs. Sa présence est révélée par de l'effet tunnel résonant à travers les niveaux d'énergie associés à ses orbitales, observé à basse température à des tensions de grille inférieures au seuil du transistor. L'estimation de l'énergie d'ionisation de ce donneur donne une valeur supérieure à la valeur attendue pour un donneur dans du silicium massif, ce qui est attribué à l'effet du confinement diélectrique du donneur. À l'inverse, il est possible de définir des résistances d'accès au canal suffisantes pour y confiner les électrons. Un transistor se comporte alors comme un transistor mono-électronique à basse température, dont l'îlot est situé sous la grille. Ce moyen de créer un transistor mono-électronique est étendu à des systèmes d'îlots couplés, en déposant plusieurs grilles entre la source et le drain. Plusieurs comportements sont obtenus selon l'écart entre les grilles et la longueur des espaceurs. Ces systèmes sont utilisés pour réaliser le transfert d'un électron unique. We present low temperature electronic transport measurements in silicon-on-insulator nano-MOSFETs. Their electrical properties depend in particular on the junctions between the reservoirs and the transistor channel, determined during fabrication by the spacers deposited on both sides of the gate. The behaviour differences are emphasized at low temperature. In ultra-scaled transistors, with a typical gate length of 30 nm, dopants diffusion during activation annealing can result in a single dopant well coupled to the reservoirs located in the middle of the channel, below the gate. It is revealed at low temperature below the transistor threshold by resonant tunnelling through its energy levels. An estimation of its ionization energy gives an enhanced value as compared to the bulk value, attributed to the dielectric confinement of the donor. On the contrary, electrons can be confined in the transistor channel by high enough access resistances. Thus samples turn at low temperature into single electron transistors, with the island located below the gate. It is extended to coupled dots systems, by depositing several gates between source and drain. Their behaviour depends on the distance between gates and on spacers length. These systems are used to transfer a single electron.

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    Other literature type . 2010
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    Authors: Ivan Powis; R.C. Menzies; D.M.P. Holland; Alexander B. Trofimov; +6 Authors

    The influence of vibronic coupling on the outer valence ionic states of cis-dichloroethene has been investigated by recording photoelectron spectra over the excitation range 19–90 eV using plane polarized synchrotron radiation, for two polarization orientations. The photoelectron anisotropy parameters and electronic state branching ratios derived from these spectra have been compared to theoretical predictions obtained with the continuum multiple scattering approach. This comparison shows that the photoionization dynamics of the à 2B2, B̃ 2A1, C̃ 2A2, and D̃ 2B1 states, all of which are formed through the ejection of an electron from a nominally chlorine lone-pair orbital, exhibit distinct evidence of the Cooper minimum associated with the halogen atom. While retaining a high degree of atomic character, these orbital ionizations nevertheless display clear distinctions. Simulations, assuming the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer and the Franck-Condon approximations, of the X̃ 2B1, à 2B2, and D̃ 2B1 state photoelectron bands have allowed some of the vibrational structure observed in the experimental spectra to be assigned. The simulations provide a very satisfactory interpretation for the X̃ 2B1 state band but appear less successful for the à 2B2 and D̃ 2B1 states, with irregularities appearing in both. The B̃ 2A1 and C̃ 2A2 state photoelectron bands exhibit very diffuse and erratic profiles that cannot be reproduced at this level. Photoelectron anisotropy parameters, β, have been evaluated as a function of binding energy across the studied photon energy range. There is a clear step change in the β values of the à 2B2 band at the onset of the perturbed peak intensities, with β evidently adopting the value of the B̃ 2A1 band β. The D̃ 2B1 band β values also display an unexpected vibrational level dependence, contradicting Franck-Condon expectations. These various behaviors are inferred to be a consequence of vibronic coupling in this system International audience

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
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    The Journal of Chemical Physics
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: J Boughaleb; Arthur Arnaud; P.-J. Cottinet; Stephane Monfray; +6 Authors

    The interest in energy harvesting devices has grown with the development of wireless sensors requiring small amounts of energy to function. The present article addresses the thermal investigation of a coupled piezoelectric and bimetal-based heat engine. The thermal energy harvester in question converts low-grade heat flows into electrical charges by achieving a two-step conversion mechanism for which the key point is the ability to maintain a significant thermal gradient without any heat sink. Many studies have previously focused on the electrical properties of this innovative device for energy harvesting but until now, no thermal modeling has been able to describe the device specificities or improve its thermal performances. The research reported in this paper focuses on the modeling of the harvester using an equivalent electrical circuit approach. It is shown that the knowledge of the thermal properties inside the device and a good comprehension of its heat exchange with the surrounding play a key role in the optimization procedure. To validate the thermal modeling, finite element analyses as well as experimental measurements on a hot plate were carried out and the techniques were compared. The proposed model provided a practical guideline for improving the generator design to obtain a thermally matched energy harvester that can function over a wide range of hot source temperatures for the same bimetal. A direct application of this study has been implemented on scaled structures to maintain an important temperature difference between the cold surface and the hot reservoir. Using the equations of the thermal model, predictions of the thermal properties were evaluated depending on the scaling factor and solutions for future thermal improvements are presented. International audience

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    Smart Materials and Structures
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    Authors: Guilhem Lacaze; Thomas Schmitt; Anthony Ruiz; Joseph C. Oefelein;

    International audience; At supercritical conditions, thermodynamics may become strongly nonlinear which is reflected by large thermodynamic Jacobian values. This means that small variations in density, momentum or energy can result in large pressure perturbations. Because of such nonlinearities, simulations of high-pressure flows are subject to stability issues when the conservative form of the Navier-Stokes system is employed. In high-Reynolds number simulations, transported quantities are altered by numerical scheme errors, stabilization methods and filtering procedures. These alterations affect density and energy independently and may lead to significant pressure oscillations due to the nonlinear behavior of the equation of state. The objective of the present work is to compare three methods based on different sets of transport equations, to measure their impact on pressure and mixing temperature. A classical fully-conservative approach based on the transport of internal energy is compared to two quasi-conservative methods: a pressure-based and an enthalpy-based formulation. A suite of test cases of increasing complexity is employed to expose the main differences between these approaches, at conditions relevant for engineering applications. The analysis first confirmed that the energy-based formulation is prone to artificial pressure fluctuations caused by the interaction between thermodynamic nonlinearities and the numerical dissipation introduced by the stabilization scheme. It is also demonstrated that despite the stability properties of the pressure-based formulation, the mixing temperature is not properly captured since the pressure equation is not used in its conservative form. The enthalpy-based approach however, offers an improved representation of the mixing thermodynamic state while avoiding non-physical pressure variations.

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    Computers & Fluids
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Claire Parent; Michèle Crèvecoeur; Nicolas Capelli; James F. Dat;

    ABSTRACTSoil flooding is an environmental constraint that is increasingly important for forest ecosystems, affecting tree growth and regeneration. As a result, selection pressure will alter forest diversity and distribution by favouring tree species tolerant of soil oxygen deprivation. Sessile and pedunculate oaks are the most abundant oak species and they exhibit a strong differential tolerance to waterlogging. In order to gain some understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance of both species to hypoxia, we undertook the characterization of the physiological, morphological, cellular and molecular responses of both species to flooding stress. Our results indicate that pedunculate oak, the more tolerant species, succeeded in maintaining its growth, water status and photosynthetic activity at a higher level than sessile oak. Furthermore, pedunculate oak developed aerenchyma in its root cortex as well as adventitious roots. The later exhibited a strong accumulation of class1 non‐symbiotic haemoglobin localized by in situ hybridization in the protoderm and in some cortical cells. In conclusion, the higher tolerance of pedunculate oak to flooding was associated with an enhanced capacity to maintain photosynthesis and water homeostasis, coupled with the development of adaptive features (aerenchyma, adventitious roots) and with a higher expression of non‐symbiotic haemoglobin in the roots.

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    Plant Cell & Environment
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Ghorra-Gobin, Cynthia;

    International audience; New Urbanism is a North-American planning movement which seeks to offer an alternative to urban sprawl. It seeks to provide an urban form favoring walkability and density. Is it a model for sustainability or a set of ideas and practices for improving architects and planners's intervention? The article which is based on interviews and visists to some American NU projects is to answer the question.; Le New Urbanism est un courant de pensée nord-américain qui propose une alternative à l'étalement urbain. Il promeut une forme urbaine réhabilitant la marche à pied et favorisant la compacité. Peut-il toutefois prétendre à viser la soutenabilité et à s'ériger comme modèle? Ne peut-il être qualifié de corpus d'idées et de valeurs destinés à infléchir les pratiques des professionnels? L'article propose de répondre à ce double questionnement à partir d'un travail de terrain mené dans quelques lotissements NU aux Etats-Unis.

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    Authors: Costa, Erick Cardoso; Xavier, Fabio Antonio; Knoblauch, Ricardo; Binder, Cristiano; +1 Authors

    International audience; The cutting of silicon wafers using multi-diamond wire sawing is a critical stage in solar cell manufacturing due to brittleness of silicon. Improving the cutting process output requires an in-depth understanding of phenomena associated with cutting parameters. In order to investigate the influence of diamond wire sawing on surface integrity of monocrystalline silicon, a looped diamond wire was used and cutting parameters wire cutting speed, feed rate and wire tension were varied. The surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness Sa was measured with a non-contact profilometer. The brittle-ductile transition was identified by presence of residual phases on sawn surface. A bevel-polishing method was employed to determine the microcrack depth. The results show that with higher feed rate the surface presents deeper and wider craters because of deeper penetration of diamond grain. On increasing wire cutting speed, there were more regions formed in ductile mode. The higher Sa values was observed on increasing both feed rate and wire tension, whileSa decreased with an increase in wire cutting speed. The brittle mode was predominant with an increase in feed rate, resulting in Si-I phase in regions formed in fragile mode. Material removal in ductile mode led to appearance of a-Si phase at high wire cutting speed. No significant effect was observed on increasing wire tension. Subsurface microcracks mainly initiating from bottom of grooves generated by cutting mechanism. The most appropriate set of cutting parameters is the lowest feed rate and wire tension and highest wire cutting speed.

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    Solar Energy
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Solar Energy
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  • Authors: Grevsmühl, Sebastian;

    International audience; This special issue on the visual cultures of global environmental issues proposes innovative research directions by introducing new methodological frameworks and profoundly rethinking the crucial role of the visual in environmental research. The five papers gathered here were written by researchers coming from various disciplinary and cultural backgrounds, thus helping bridge the divides between different disciplinary traditions. Each essay examines the notion of the 'global environment', and of 'global environmental images' in particular, from a different theoretical perspective. From these emerge shared concerns about underlying aesthetics and politics, and reflections on the tensions that arise when visualising the environment, especially when objects and theories are at a global scale. In this introduction, I reflect upon two aspects across the five papers exploring tensions between the 'local' and the 'global', as well as the politics of images within global environmental research. Considered as an ensemble, this special issue calls for sustained interdisciplinary inquiry into global environmental images, paying close attention to the nature of this new type of global knowledge, the imaginaries mobilised, as well as the politics, power struggles, asymmetries and marginalisation processes which are inevitably involved when talking about the global environment.

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    Authors: Fam, Pape Abdoulaye; Paquelet, Stéphane; Crussière, Matthieu; Hélard, Jean-François; +1 Authors

    An exponential growth of the mobile data traffic is expected in future networks. The reason of this growth is related to the increasing popularity of linear services such as mobile TV, live and sports events, which may lead to the delivery of the same contents to a large audience. With this mobile data traffic explosion, the power demand of future wireless networks is predicted to dramatically increase. This energy consumption issue, if unaddressed, may lead to the restriction of many new services. Based on these facts, recent studies have shown that network cooperation is a promising candidate to deal with such issues. This paper investigates, from an energy efficiency point of view, the performances of using a hybrid unicast/broadcast network to deliver linear services to mobile and portable devices. Results show that cooperation will decrease the total power consumption of the hybrid network. National audience

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