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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Richter, Mario;

    Offshore wind energy is considered to have tremendous potential for Germany's future electricity supply. Due to the technology's capital intensity, however, offshore wind energy has so far been considered the domain of large utilities. Municipal utilities on the contrary traditionally have strong ties to their community and conduct low risk business models at the regional and local level. Recently, however, German municipal utilities started to invest in offshore wind energy. Based on a series of interviews with municipal utility executives, the present study identifies two innovative business models and ten key drivers for municipal utilities' engagement in offshore wind energy. It is found that the new business models may have significant further potential and help to stimulate the German market. The present study contributes to the industry debate by identifying business model blueprints for offshore wind and to the academic debate by suggesting three generic types of business model innovation with different characteristics. Offshore wind energy is considered to have tremendous potential for Germany's future electricity supply. Due to the technology's capital intensity, however, offshore wind energy has so far been considered the domain of large utilities. Municipal utilities on the contrary traditionally have strong ties to their community and conduct low risk business models at the regional and local level. Recently, however, German municipal utilities started to invest in offshore wind energy. Based on a series of interviews with municipal utility executives, the present study identifies two innovative business models and ten key drivers for municipal utilities' engagement in offshore wind energy. It is found that the new business models may have significant further potential and help to stimulate the German market. The present study contributes to the industry debate by identifying business model blueprints for offshore wind and to the academic debate by suggesting three generic types of business model innovation with different characteristics.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Technology Management
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Technology Management
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brueton, V.J.; Williams, V.L.; Witkowski, E.T.F.;
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ South African Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tappe, W.; Laverman, A.M.; Bohland, M.; Braster, M.; +3 Authors

    ABSTRACT Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi (strain “Engel”) were grown in ammonia-limited and nitrite-limited conditions, respectively, in a retentostat with complete biomass retention at 25°C and pH 8. Fitting the retentostat biomass and oxygen consumption data of N. europaea and N. winogradskyi to the linear equation for substrate utilization resulted in up to eight-times-lower maintenance requirements compared to the maintenance energy demand ( m ) calculated from chemostat experiments. Independent of the growth rate at different stages of such a retention culture, the maximum specific oxygen consumption rate measured by mass spectrometric analysis of inlet and outlet gas oxygen content always amounted to approximately 45 μmol of O 2 mg −1 of biomass-C · h −1 for both N. europaea and N. winogradskyi . When bacteria were starved for different time periods (up to 3 months), the spontaneous respiratory activity after an ammonia or nitrite pulse decreased with increasing duration of the previous starvation time period, but the observed decrease was many times faster for N. winogradskyi than for N. europaea . Likewise, the velocity of resuscitation decreased with extended time periods of starvation. The increase in oxygen consumption rates during resuscitation referred to the reviving population only, since in parallel no significant increase in the cell concentrations was detectable. N. europaea more readily recovers from starvation than N. winogradskyi , explaining the occasionally observed nitrite accumulation in the environment after ammonia becomes available. From chloramphenicol (100 μg · ml −1 ) inhibition experiments with N. winogradskyi , it has been concluded that energy-starved cells must have a lower protein turnover rate than nonstarved cells. As pointed out by Stein and Arp (L. Y. Stein and D. J. Arp, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1514–1521, 1998), nitrifying bacteria in soil have to cope with extremely low nutrient concentrations. Therefore, a chemostat is probably not a suitable tool for studying their physiological properties during a long-lasting nutrient shortage. In comparison with chemostats, retentostats offer a more realistic approach with respect to substrate provision and availability.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied and Environm...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 1999
    Data sources: PubMed Central
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
    License: ASM Journals Non-Commercial TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Applied and Environm...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 1999
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied and Environmental Microbiology
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
      License: ASM Journals Non-Commercial TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kerscher Ulrich;

    Abstract Plastic, plastic waste and marine litter indisputably is one of the key environmental issues of the 21st century. The already existing amount of accumulated marine litter, the high quantity of plastic waste escaping from waste management streams every year in combination with the low recycling rates for plastic and the missing awareness of the consumer for sustainable consumption pose a permanent threat to the ecosystem, biodiversity and human health. What is more, as economic and ecological interests strongly deviate from each other, the transformation of this status quo towards a more sustainable future will take place very slowly. Against this background, this paper will shortly outline the multitude of problems connected to plastic products throughout a productís lifecycle and introduce the idea of a circular economy. On this basis, the paper will critically analyze the strategy papers and the ongoing legislation of the EU introduced to solve these problems and to realize the transformation process of the EU-economy towards a circular economy from a sustainable development point of view. On the one hand, awareness raising is one main strategy of the EU to achieve this transformation, on the other hand, educational institutions are not specifically mentioned by the EU. In order to address this shortcoming, the paper will constitute the teaching principle global development politics / education for sustainable development as one measure to increase consumersí awareness and sustainable consumption. In general, this paper will proof that the topical area plastics can fruitfully be implemented at German schools for primary and secondary education in order to strengthen the education for sustainable development.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discourse and Commun...arrow_drop_down
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    Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discourse and Commun...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivan Powis; R.C. Menzies; D.M.P. Holland; Alexander B. Trofimov; +6 Authors

    The influence of vibronic coupling on the outer valence ionic states of cis-dichloroethene has been investigated by recording photoelectron spectra over the excitation range 19–90 eV using plane polarized synchrotron radiation, for two polarization orientations. The photoelectron anisotropy parameters and electronic state branching ratios derived from these spectra have been compared to theoretical predictions obtained with the continuum multiple scattering approach. This comparison shows that the photoionization dynamics of the à 2B2, B̃ 2A1, C̃ 2A2, and D̃ 2B1 states, all of which are formed through the ejection of an electron from a nominally chlorine lone-pair orbital, exhibit distinct evidence of the Cooper minimum associated with the halogen atom. While retaining a high degree of atomic character, these orbital ionizations nevertheless display clear distinctions. Simulations, assuming the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer and the Franck-Condon approximations, of the X̃ 2B1, à 2B2, and D̃ 2B1 state photoelectron bands have allowed some of the vibrational structure observed in the experimental spectra to be assigned. The simulations provide a very satisfactory interpretation for the X̃ 2B1 state band but appear less successful for the à 2B2 and D̃ 2B1 states, with irregularities appearing in both. The B̃ 2A1 and C̃ 2A2 state photoelectron bands exhibit very diffuse and erratic profiles that cannot be reproduced at this level. Photoelectron anisotropy parameters, β, have been evaluated as a function of binding energy across the studied photon energy range. There is a clear step change in the β values of the à 2B2 band at the onset of the perturbed peak intensities, with β evidently adopting the value of the B̃ 2A1 band β. The D̃ 2B1 band β values also display an unexpected vibrational level dependence, contradicting Franck-Condon expectations. These various behaviors are inferred to be a consequence of vibronic coupling in this system International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ University of Oulu R...arrow_drop_down
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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    The Journal of Chemical Physics
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ University of Oulu R...arrow_drop_down
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      Hal-Diderot
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
      The Journal of Chemical Physics
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander Begemann; Theresa Trummler; Alexander Doehring; Michael Pfitzner; +1 Authors

    Mixing under high pressure conditions plays a central role in several engineering applications, such as direct-injection engines and liquid rocket engines. Numerical flow simulations have become a complementary tool to study the mixing process under these conditions but require complex thermodynamic modeling as well as validation with accurate experimental data. For this reason, we use experiments of supercritical single-phase jet mixing from the literature, where the mixing is quantified by the mixture speed of sound, as a reference for our work. We here focus on the thermodynamic modeling of multi-component flows under high pressure conditions and the analytical calculation of the mixture speed of sound. Our thermodynamic model is based on cubic equations of state extended for multi-components. Using an extension of OpenFOAM, we perform large-eddy simulations of hexane and pentane injections and compare our results with the experimentally measured mixture speed of sound at specific positions. The simulation results show the same characteristic trends, indicating that the mixing effects are well reproduced in the simulations. Additionally, the effect of the sub-grid scale modeling is assessed by comparing results using different models (Smagorinsky, Vreman, and Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity). The comprehensive simulation data presented here, in combination with the experimental data, provide a benchmark for numerical simulations of jet mixing in high pressure conditions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energiesarrow_drop_down
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    Energies
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Energies
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Saito, Norio; Heiser, Franz; Hemmers, Oliver; Wieliczek, Kornel; +2 Authors

    Angular distributions of C++O+ from CO were measured, following vibrationally resolved C 1s excitations into the 2pπ, 3sσ, and 3pπ orbitals as well as into higher unresolved orbitals. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer, with a multihit-type position-sensitive anode, was used for the measurements. The anisotropy parameters (β) of C++O+ approach their theoretically expected values as the released kinetic energy in the fragmentation increases. The value of the β parameters remains constant for all vibrational states within each orbital. Physical review / B 54(3), 2004 - 2010 (1996). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.54.2004 Published by Inst.8644, Woodbury, NY

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 1996
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    Physical Review A
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 1996
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    Physical Review A
    Article . 1996 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physical Review A
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      Article . 1996
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      Physical Review A
      Article . 1996 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shabir, Faizan; Sultan, Muhammad; Niaz, Yasir; Usman, Muhammad; +5 Authors

    C. The KOH6-PR/ethanol and the WPT-AC/ethanol pairs also give good performances comparable to that of the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair. However, the SAC-2/R32 pair possesses a higher concentration difference than the Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol pairs but shows a lower performance. This is due to the lower isosteric heat of adsorption of SAC-2/R32 compared to these pairs. It is found that Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol are the most promising pairs for application in designing adsorption cooling and refrigeration systems. In this study, the ideal adsorption cycle behavior of eight activated carbon and refrigerant pairs is evaluated. The selected pairs are KOH6-PR/ethanol, WPT-AC/ethanol, Maxsorb-III/methanol, Maxsorb-III/CO2, Maxsorb-III/n-butane, Maxsorb-III/R-134a, SAC-2/R32 and Maxsorb-III/R507a. The following cooling performance parameters are evaluated for all pairs: specific cooling energy (SCE), concentration difference (&Delta W) and coefficient of performance (COP) of ideal adsorption cooling and refrigeration cycles. The evaporator temperatures for the applications of adsorption cooling and refrigeration are selected as 7 and &minus C, respectively. It is found that the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair has shown the highest specific cooling energy and coefficient of performance in a wide range of desorption temperatures i.e., for the adsorption cooling cycle it has SCE and COP of 639.83 kJ/kg and 0.803, respectively, with desorption temperatures of 80 ° 5 °

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
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    TUHH Open Research
    Article . 2020
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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      Sustainability
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      TUHH Open Research
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Javis A. Nwaboh; Heleen Meuzelaar; Jiawen Liu; Stefan Persijn; +7 Authors

    International audience; Biomethane is a renewable energy gas with great potential to contribute to the diversification and greening of the natural gas supply. Ideally, biomethane can directly be injected into the natural gas grid system. For grid injection, specifications such as those in EN 16723-1 shall be met. One of the impurities to be monitored is hydrogen chloride (HCl). To assess conformity with the specification for HCl, accurate and reliable test methods are required. Here, we report the development of three novel test methods, based on a variety of laser absorption spectroscopy techniques (Direct absorption spectroscopy-DAS and wavelength modulation spectroscopy-WMS) and ion-exchange chromatography, for the measurement of HCl in biomethane. Gas mixtures of HCl in biomethane were used to demonstrate the performance of the spectroscopic systems in the nmol mol−1 to low μmol mol−1 ranges, achieving uncertainties in the 4% range, k = 2. For ion-exchange chromatography analysis, HCl was first collected on an alkali-impregnated quartz fiber filter. The analysis was performed according to ISO 21438-2 and validated using synthetic biomethane spiked with HCl. The relative expanded uncertainties for the ion exchange chromatography HCl measurements are in the 10–37% range, k = 2. The results presented for the 3 test methods demonstrate that the respective methods can be used for HCl conformity assessment in biomethane.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2021
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    The Analyst
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    The Analyst
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      The Analyst
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    KITopen
    Article . 2017
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2017
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2017
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    Physics Letters B
    Article . 2017
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    Physics Letters B
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2017
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      Physics Letters B
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    Authors: Richter, Mario;

    Offshore wind energy is considered to have tremendous potential for Germany's future electricity supply. Due to the technology's capital intensity, however, offshore wind energy has so far been considered the domain of large utilities. Municipal utilities on the contrary traditionally have strong ties to their community and conduct low risk business models at the regional and local level. Recently, however, German municipal utilities started to invest in offshore wind energy. Based on a series of interviews with municipal utility executives, the present study identifies two innovative business models and ten key drivers for municipal utilities' engagement in offshore wind energy. It is found that the new business models may have significant further potential and help to stimulate the German market. The present study contributes to the industry debate by identifying business model blueprints for offshore wind and to the academic debate by suggesting three generic types of business model innovation with different characteristics. Offshore wind energy is considered to have tremendous potential for Germany's future electricity supply. Due to the technology's capital intensity, however, offshore wind energy has so far been considered the domain of large utilities. Municipal utilities on the contrary traditionally have strong ties to their community and conduct low risk business models at the regional and local level. Recently, however, German municipal utilities started to invest in offshore wind energy. Based on a series of interviews with municipal utility executives, the present study identifies two innovative business models and ten key drivers for municipal utilities' engagement in offshore wind energy. It is found that the new business models may have significant further potential and help to stimulate the German market. The present study contributes to the industry debate by identifying business model blueprints for offshore wind and to the academic debate by suggesting three generic types of business model innovation with different characteristics.

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    International Journal of Technology Management
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Technology Management
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Brueton, V.J.; Williams, V.L.; Witkowski, E.T.F.;
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    Authors: Tappe, W.; Laverman, A.M.; Bohland, M.; Braster, M.; +3 Authors

    ABSTRACT Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskyi (strain “Engel”) were grown in ammonia-limited and nitrite-limited conditions, respectively, in a retentostat with complete biomass retention at 25°C and pH 8. Fitting the retentostat biomass and oxygen consumption data of N. europaea and N. winogradskyi to the linear equation for substrate utilization resulted in up to eight-times-lower maintenance requirements compared to the maintenance energy demand ( m ) calculated from chemostat experiments. Independent of the growth rate at different stages of such a retention culture, the maximum specific oxygen consumption rate measured by mass spectrometric analysis of inlet and outlet gas oxygen content always amounted to approximately 45 μmol of O 2 mg −1 of biomass-C · h −1 for both N. europaea and N. winogradskyi . When bacteria were starved for different time periods (up to 3 months), the spontaneous respiratory activity after an ammonia or nitrite pulse decreased with increasing duration of the previous starvation time period, but the observed decrease was many times faster for N. winogradskyi than for N. europaea . Likewise, the velocity of resuscitation decreased with extended time periods of starvation. The increase in oxygen consumption rates during resuscitation referred to the reviving population only, since in parallel no significant increase in the cell concentrations was detectable. N. europaea more readily recovers from starvation than N. winogradskyi , explaining the occasionally observed nitrite accumulation in the environment after ammonia becomes available. From chloramphenicol (100 μg · ml −1 ) inhibition experiments with N. winogradskyi , it has been concluded that energy-starved cells must have a lower protein turnover rate than nonstarved cells. As pointed out by Stein and Arp (L. Y. Stein and D. J. Arp, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1514–1521, 1998), nitrifying bacteria in soil have to cope with extremely low nutrient concentrations. Therefore, a chemostat is probably not a suitable tool for studying their physiological properties during a long-lasting nutrient shortage. In comparison with chemostats, retentostats offer a more realistic approach with respect to substrate provision and availability.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 1999
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    Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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      Europe PubMed Central
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      Applied and Environmental Microbiology
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kerscher Ulrich;

    Abstract Plastic, plastic waste and marine litter indisputably is one of the key environmental issues of the 21st century. The already existing amount of accumulated marine litter, the high quantity of plastic waste escaping from waste management streams every year in combination with the low recycling rates for plastic and the missing awareness of the consumer for sustainable consumption pose a permanent threat to the ecosystem, biodiversity and human health. What is more, as economic and ecological interests strongly deviate from each other, the transformation of this status quo towards a more sustainable future will take place very slowly. Against this background, this paper will shortly outline the multitude of problems connected to plastic products throughout a productís lifecycle and introduce the idea of a circular economy. On this basis, the paper will critically analyze the strategy papers and the ongoing legislation of the EU introduced to solve these problems and to realize the transformation process of the EU-economy towards a circular economy from a sustainable development point of view. On the one hand, awareness raising is one main strategy of the EU to achieve this transformation, on the other hand, educational institutions are not specifically mentioned by the EU. In order to address this shortcoming, the paper will constitute the teaching principle global development politics / education for sustainable development as one measure to increase consumersí awareness and sustainable consumption. In general, this paper will proof that the topical area plastics can fruitfully be implemented at German schools for primary and secondary education in order to strengthen the education for sustainable development.

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    Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education
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    Authors: Ivan Powis; R.C. Menzies; D.M.P. Holland; Alexander B. Trofimov; +6 Authors

    The influence of vibronic coupling on the outer valence ionic states of cis-dichloroethene has been investigated by recording photoelectron spectra over the excitation range 19–90 eV using plane polarized synchrotron radiation, for two polarization orientations. The photoelectron anisotropy parameters and electronic state branching ratios derived from these spectra have been compared to theoretical predictions obtained with the continuum multiple scattering approach. This comparison shows that the photoionization dynamics of the à 2B2, B̃ 2A1, C̃ 2A2, and D̃ 2B1 states, all of which are formed through the ejection of an electron from a nominally chlorine lone-pair orbital, exhibit distinct evidence of the Cooper minimum associated with the halogen atom. While retaining a high degree of atomic character, these orbital ionizations nevertheless display clear distinctions. Simulations, assuming the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer and the Franck-Condon approximations, of the X̃ 2B1, à 2B2, and D̃ 2B1 state photoelectron bands have allowed some of the vibrational structure observed in the experimental spectra to be assigned. The simulations provide a very satisfactory interpretation for the X̃ 2B1 state band but appear less successful for the à 2B2 and D̃ 2B1 states, with irregularities appearing in both. The B̃ 2A1 and C̃ 2A2 state photoelectron bands exhibit very diffuse and erratic profiles that cannot be reproduced at this level. Photoelectron anisotropy parameters, β, have been evaluated as a function of binding energy across the studied photon energy range. There is a clear step change in the β values of the à 2B2 band at the onset of the perturbed peak intensities, with β evidently adopting the value of the B̃ 2A1 band β. The D̃ 2B1 band β values also display an unexpected vibrational level dependence, contradicting Franck-Condon expectations. These various behaviors are inferred to be a consequence of vibronic coupling in this system International audience

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    Hal-Diderot
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: Hal-Diderot
    The Journal of Chemical Physics
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2018
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      The Journal of Chemical Physics
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    Authors: Alexander Begemann; Theresa Trummler; Alexander Doehring; Michael Pfitzner; +1 Authors

    Mixing under high pressure conditions plays a central role in several engineering applications, such as direct-injection engines and liquid rocket engines. Numerical flow simulations have become a complementary tool to study the mixing process under these conditions but require complex thermodynamic modeling as well as validation with accurate experimental data. For this reason, we use experiments of supercritical single-phase jet mixing from the literature, where the mixing is quantified by the mixture speed of sound, as a reference for our work. We here focus on the thermodynamic modeling of multi-component flows under high pressure conditions and the analytical calculation of the mixture speed of sound. Our thermodynamic model is based on cubic equations of state extended for multi-components. Using an extension of OpenFOAM, we perform large-eddy simulations of hexane and pentane injections and compare our results with the experimentally measured mixture speed of sound at specific positions. The simulation results show the same characteristic trends, indicating that the mixing effects are well reproduced in the simulations. Additionally, the effect of the sub-grid scale modeling is assessed by comparing results using different models (Smagorinsky, Vreman, and Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity). The comprehensive simulation data presented here, in combination with the experimental data, provide a benchmark for numerical simulations of jet mixing in high pressure conditions.

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    Energies
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Energies
    Article . 2023
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      Energies
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Saito, Norio; Heiser, Franz; Hemmers, Oliver; Wieliczek, Kornel; +2 Authors

    Angular distributions of C++O+ from CO were measured, following vibrationally resolved C 1s excitations into the 2pπ, 3sσ, and 3pπ orbitals as well as into higher unresolved orbitals. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer, with a multihit-type position-sensitive anode, was used for the measurements. The anisotropy parameters (β) of C++O+ approach their theoretically expected values as the released kinetic energy in the fragmentation increases. The value of the β parameters remains constant for all vibrational states within each orbital. Physical review / B 54(3), 2004 - 2010 (1996). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.54.2004 Published by Inst.8644, Woodbury, NY

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 1996
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    Physical Review A
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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 1996
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    Physical Review A
    Article . 1996 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physical Review A
      Article
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 1996
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      Physical Review A
      Article . 1996 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Shabir, Faizan; Sultan, Muhammad; Niaz, Yasir; Usman, Muhammad; +5 Authors

    C. The KOH6-PR/ethanol and the WPT-AC/ethanol pairs also give good performances comparable to that of the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair. However, the SAC-2/R32 pair possesses a higher concentration difference than the Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol pairs but shows a lower performance. This is due to the lower isosteric heat of adsorption of SAC-2/R32 compared to these pairs. It is found that Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol are the most promising pairs for application in designing adsorption cooling and refrigeration systems. In this study, the ideal adsorption cycle behavior of eight activated carbon and refrigerant pairs is evaluated. The selected pairs are KOH6-PR/ethanol, WPT-AC/ethanol, Maxsorb-III/methanol, Maxsorb-III/CO2, Maxsorb-III/n-butane, Maxsorb-III/R-134a, SAC-2/R32 and Maxsorb-III/R507a. The following cooling performance parameters are evaluated for all pairs: specific cooling energy (SCE), concentration difference (&Delta W) and coefficient of performance (COP) of ideal adsorption cooling and refrigeration cycles. The evaporator temperatures for the applications of adsorption cooling and refrigeration are selected as 7 and &minus C, respectively. It is found that the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair has shown the highest specific cooling energy and coefficient of performance in a wide range of desorption temperatures i.e., for the adsorption cooling cycle it has SCE and COP of 639.83 kJ/kg and 0.803, respectively, with desorption temperatures of 80 ° 5 °

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2020
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    TUHH Open Research
    Article . 2020
    License: CC BY
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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      Sustainability
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      TUHH Open Research
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Javis A. Nwaboh; Heleen Meuzelaar; Jiawen Liu; Stefan Persijn; +7 Authors

    International audience; Biomethane is a renewable energy gas with great potential to contribute to the diversification and greening of the natural gas supply. Ideally, biomethane can directly be injected into the natural gas grid system. For grid injection, specifications such as those in EN 16723-1 shall be met. One of the impurities to be monitored is hydrogen chloride (HCl). To assess conformity with the specification for HCl, accurate and reliable test methods are required. Here, we report the development of three novel test methods, based on a variety of laser absorption spectroscopy techniques (Direct absorption spectroscopy-DAS and wavelength modulation spectroscopy-WMS) and ion-exchange chromatography, for the measurement of HCl in biomethane. Gas mixtures of HCl in biomethane were used to demonstrate the performance of the spectroscopic systems in the nmol mol−1 to low μmol mol−1 ranges, achieving uncertainties in the 4% range, k = 2. For ion-exchange chromatography analysis, HCl was first collected on an alkali-impregnated quartz fiber filter. The analysis was performed according to ISO 21438-2 and validated using synthetic biomethane spiked with HCl. The relative expanded uncertainties for the ion exchange chromatography HCl measurements are in the 10–37% range, k = 2. The results presented for the 3 test methods demonstrate that the respective methods can be used for HCl conformity assessment in biomethane.

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Article . 2021
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    The Analyst
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    The Analyst
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      The Analyst
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    KITopen
    Article . 2017
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2017
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2017
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    Physics Letters B
    Article . 2017
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    Physics Letters B
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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      Physics Letters B
      Article . 2017
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      Physics Letters B
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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