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  • Energy Research
  • 8. Economic growth

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: COSIMO MAGAZZINO; Marco Mele; Nicolas Schneider; Guillaume Vallet;

    Abstract This study aims to investigate the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in Switzerland over the period 1970–2018. We use data on capital, labour, and exports within a multivariate framework. Starting from the consideration that Switzerland has decided to phase out nuclear energy by 2034, we examine the effect of this structural economic-energy change in the country. To do so, two distinct estimation tools are performed. The first model, using a time-series approach, analyze the relationship between bivariate and multivariate causality. The second, using a Machine Learning methodology, test the results of the econometric modelling through an Artificial Neural Networks process. This last empirical procedure represents our original contribution with respect to the previous energy-GDP papers. The results, in the logarithmic propagation of neural networks, suggest a careful analysis of the process that will lead to the abandonment of nuclear energy in Switzerland to avoid adverse effects on economic growth.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archivio della Ricer...arrow_drop_down
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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: Elina Brutschin; Aleh Cherp; Jessica Jewell;

    Understanding the role of technology characteristics and the context in the diffusion of new energy technologies is important for assessing feasibility of climate mitigation. We examine the historical adoption of nuclear power as a case of a complex large scale energy technology. We conduct an event history analysis of grid connections of first sizable commercial nuclear power reactors in 79 countries between 1950 and 2018. We show that the introduction of nuclear power can largely be explained by contextual variables such as the proximity of a country to a major technology supplier (‘ease of diffusion’), the size of the economy, electricity demand growth, and energy import dependence (‘market attractiveness’). The lack of nuclear newcomers in the early 1990s can be explained by the lack of countries with high growth in electricity demand and sufficient capacities to build their first nuclear power plant, either on their own or with international help. We also find that nuclear accidents, the pursuit of nuclear weapons, and the advances made in competing technologies played only a minor role in nuclear technology failing to be established in more countries. Our analysis improves understanding of the feasibility of introducing contested and expensive technologies in a heterogenous world with motivations and capacities that differ across countries and by a patchwork of international relations. While countries with high state capacity or support from a major technology supplier are capable of introducing large-scale technologies quickly, technology diffusion to other regions might undergo significant delays due to lower motivations and capacities. publishedVersion

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Energy Research & Social Science
      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gräning, Tim; Rieth, Michael; Möslang, Anton; Kuzmin, Alexei; +4 Authors

    Austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are one of the candidates as a structural material for high-temperature applications in future power plants. To guarantee the necessary high production yield, the production process was improved in terms of reproducibility and scalability, by adding a process control agent (PCA) during the milling process. Due to this addition and the inherent change of the production process, the produced powder was thoroughly investigated using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods to reveal the formation of chromium-rich carbides adjunct to titanium. Hence, less titanium was available to form the preferred complex nano-oxides the addition of carbon to the system influences the formation of precipitates severely in terms of their amount and size. The mechanical alloying process itself was unaffected by the addition of a PCA, and mixing and alloying of used elements still occurs. This work has been carried out within the framework of the German Helmholtz Association and has received funding from the topic “Materials Research for the Future Energy Supply”. The work of M. Parish and Rainer Ziegler is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the team of the chemical laboratory at the KIT for performing the chemical analysis. The help of the beamline staff at ELETTRA (project 20140052 ) synchrotron radiation facility is acknowledged. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
    Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      DOAJ
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
      Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Martin Jirušek; Tomáš Vlček;

    The position of the USA in the global energy environment has undergone substantial change in recent years. Mostly thanks to the introduction of new mining techniques, the USA has once again become a major producer of oil and gas, and the outcome of this is visible both at home and on the global scale. This paper assesses obstacles that stand in the way of these exports, and analyses the potential consequences on major world markets. The oil and gas glut at home is also affecting the use of another traditional US energy source: coal. Coal is being squeezed out of the energy mix and is looking for fresh markets abroad. The paper thus analyses the positioning and views on these exports on the major global markets, as well.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Huimin Yun; Roland Clift; Xiaotao Bi;

    Abstract With increasing international trade in wood pellets for use as fuel, the carbon footprint over the supply chain is of growing concern. The Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) is endowed with clean electricity and rich biomass resources, which are essential for developing a low-carbon wood pellet industry. This work aims to quantify the life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of torrefied wood pellets in comparison with conventional pellets, derived from forest residues in BC and transported to replace coal at power plants in Europe, the Asia Pacific region and elsewhere in Canada. The GHG reduction costs in different markets are also quantified. Five possible production configurations are analysed with uncertainties taken into consideration. Torrefied wood pellets are found to have better environmental performance than conventional pellets. The best production process, which follows the sequence drying-torrefaction-grinding-pelletization, can reduce primary energy consumption and carbon footprint by about 30% compared to conventional pellets. Over the life cycle, transportation contributes most GHG emissions (>50%), while electricity use, including sawmilling and pellet production, represents the greatest energy consumption (~50%). Life cycle analysis reveals that GHG emissions from the supply chain offset at most 15% of the savings from using BC torrefied wood pellets to replace coal. GHG reductions are greatest when the pellets are used in overseas markets, especially the Asia Pacific region and the EU, rather than domestic Canadian markets. The current carbon taxation level cannot cover the abatement cost of BC pellets; other mechanisms are still needed to support the sustainable development of the industry.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Conversion an...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Conversion an...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rao, N.D.; Ummel, K.;

    Abstract Will everybody want and have a refrigerator, television and washing machine as incomes rise? Considerable uncertainty surrounds the likely increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions from rising incomes among the world's poor. We examine drivers of and predict appliance ownership using machine learning and other techniques with household survey data in India, South Africa and Brazil. Televisions and refrigerators are consistently preferred over washing machines. Income is still the predominant driver of aggregate penetration levels, but its influence differs by appliance and by region. The affordability of appliances, wealth, race and religion together, among other household characteristics, help explain the heterogeneity in appliance ownership at lower income levels. Understanding non-income drivers can be helpful to identify barriers to appliance uptake and to better forecast near term residential energy demand growth within countries.

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Other literature type . Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Research & Social Science
      Other literature type . Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bhaskar, Abhinav; Assadi, Mohsen; Nikpey, Homam;

    Decarbonisation of the iron and steel industry would require the use of innovative low-carbon production technologies. Use of 100% hydrogen in a shaft furnace (SF) to reduce iron ore has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production significantly. In this work, results from the techno-economic assessment of a H2-SF connected to an electric arc furnace(EAF) for steel production are presented under two scenarios. In the first scenario H2 is produced from molten metal methane pyrolysis in an electrically heated liquid metal bubble column reactor. Grid connected low-temperature alkaline electrolyser was cosnidered for H2 production in the second scenario. In both cases, 59.25 kgH2 was required for the production of one ton of liquid steel (tls). The specific energy consumption (SEC) for the methane pyrolysis based system was found to be 5.16 MWh/tls. The system used 1.51 MWh/tls of electricity, and required 263 kg/tls of methane, corresponding to an energy consumption of 3.65 MWh/tls. The water electrolysis based system consumed 3.96 MWh/tls of electricity, at an electrolyser efficiency of 50 KWh/kgH2. Both systems have direct emissions of 129.4 kgCO2/tls. The indirect emissions are dependent on the source of natural gas, pellet making process and the grid-emission factor. Indirect emissions for the electrolysis based system could be negligible, if the electricity is generated from renewable energy sources. The levellized cost of production(LCOP) was found to be $631, and $669 respectively at a discount rate of 8%, for a plant-life of 20 years. The LCOP of a natural gas reforming based direct reduction steelmaking plant of operating under similar conditions was found to be $414. Uncertainty analysis was conducted for the NPV and IRR values. The Python scripts used for the calculations can be accessed at 10.5281/zenodo.4504841 {"references": ["10.5281/zenodo.4504841"]}

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    Article . 2021
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    ZENODO
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    Energy Conversion and Management: X
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      Energy Conversion and Management: X
      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Marocco, Paolo; Ferrero, Domenico; Lanzini, Andrea; Santarelli, Massimo;

    Abstract Concerning off-grid areas, diesel engines still dominate the scene of local electricity generation, despite the related pollution concerns and high operating costs. There is thus a huge global potential, in remote areas, for exploiting local renewable energy sources (RES) in place of fossil generation. Energy storage systems become hence essential for off-grid communities to cope with the issue of RES intermittency, allowing them to rely on locally harvested RES. In this work, we analysed different typologies of off-grid renewable power systems, involving batteries and hydrogen as means to store energy, to find out which is the most cost-effective configuration in remote areas. Both Li-ion and lead-acid batteries were included in the analysis, and both alkaline and PEM electrolysis technologies were considered for the production of hydrogen. Starting from single cell electrochemical models, the performance curves of the electrolyser and fuel cell devices were derived for a more detailed techno-economic assessment. Lifetimes of batteries and H2-based components were also computed based on how the power-to-power (P2P) system operates along the reference year. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed to find the component sizes that allow minimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while keeping the off-grid area energy autonomous. As a case study, the Ginostra village, on the island of Stromboli (North of Sicily, Southern Italy), was analysed since it is well representative of small insular locations in the Mediterranean area. The renewable P2P solution (0.51 €/kWh for the cheapest configuration) was found to be economically preferable than the current existing power system relying on diesel generators (0.86 €/kWh). Hydrogen, in particular, can prevent the oversizing of both battery and PV systems, thus reducing the final cost of electricity delivered by the P2P system. Moreover, unlike diesel generators, the RES-based configuration allows avoiding the production of local air pollutants and GHG emissions during its operation.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alfredo Tolón-Becerra; Pedro José Pérez-Martínez; Xavier Lastra-Bravo; Isabel Otero-Pastor;

    SUMMARY Greenhouse gas emission reduction is the pillar of the Kyoto Protocol and one of the main goals of the European Union (UE) energy policy. National reduction targets for EU member states and an overall target for the EU-15 (8%) were set by the Kyoto Protocol. This reduction target is based on emissions in the reference year (1990) and must be reached by 2012. EU energy policy does not set any national targets, only an overall reduction target of 20% by 2020. This paper transfers global greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in both these documents to the transport sector and specifically to CO2 emissions. It proposes a nonlinear distribution method with objective, dynamic targets for reducing CO2 emissions in the transport sector, according to the context and characteristics of each geographical area. First, we analyse CO2 emissions from transport in the reference year (1990) and their evolution from 1990 to 2007. We then propose a nonlinear methodology for distributing dynamic CO2 emission reduction targets. We have applied the proposed distribution function for 2012 and 2020 at two territorial levels (EU member states and Spanish autonomous regions). The weighted distribution is based on per capita CO2 emissions and CO2 emissions per gross domestic product. Finally, we show the weighted targets found for each EU member state and each Spanish autonomous region, compare them with the real achievements to date, and forecast the situation for the years the Kyoto and EU goals are to be met. The results underline the need for ‘weighted’ decentralised decisions to be made at different territorial levels with a view to achieving a common goal, so relative convergence of all the geographical areas is reached over time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    International Journal of Energy Research
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Energy Research
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Joseph Curtin; Celine McInerney; Brian Ó Gallachóir; Sarah Salm;

    Abstract Citizen investment in distributed renewables is becoming a key feature of low carbon transition in some countries, opening up new sources of capital and offering benefits for social support. Little is known about citizen investor preferences outside of mature markets such as Denmark and Germany, or if the experiences in these countries can be replicated elsewhere. Based on a survey of 1280 Irish citizens, 1000 of whom participated in a choice experiment, we find a high level of interest in investing in these technologies. This is particularly the case among high-income households with some investment experience. Investment amounts, however, are low compared to equity required for large projects, suggesting that citizen investors will not be a significant source of finance in these cases. Key barriers include lack of savings and no access to loan finance. A majority of citizens are highly risk-averse, and are motivated by financial attributes such as return and minimum investment holding period. Our findings suggest that developer-led projects may provide more opportunities for citizen investment, especially for large projects, and that significant policy interventions would be required targeting early-stage project risks to mobilise citizen investment in fully community-owned schemes.

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Research & Social Science
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: COSIMO MAGAZZINO; Marco Mele; Nicolas Schneider; Guillaume Vallet;

    Abstract This study aims to investigate the relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in Switzerland over the period 1970–2018. We use data on capital, labour, and exports within a multivariate framework. Starting from the consideration that Switzerland has decided to phase out nuclear energy by 2034, we examine the effect of this structural economic-energy change in the country. To do so, two distinct estimation tools are performed. The first model, using a time-series approach, analyze the relationship between bivariate and multivariate causality. The second, using a Machine Learning methodology, test the results of the econometric modelling through an Artificial Neural Networks process. This last empirical procedure represents our original contribution with respect to the previous energy-GDP papers. The results, in the logarithmic propagation of neural networks, suggest a careful analysis of the process that will lead to the abandonment of nuclear energy in Switzerland to avoid adverse effects on economic growth.

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    Environmental Research Letters
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Elina Brutschin; Aleh Cherp; Jessica Jewell;

    Understanding the role of technology characteristics and the context in the diffusion of new energy technologies is important for assessing feasibility of climate mitigation. We examine the historical adoption of nuclear power as a case of a complex large scale energy technology. We conduct an event history analysis of grid connections of first sizable commercial nuclear power reactors in 79 countries between 1950 and 2018. We show that the introduction of nuclear power can largely be explained by contextual variables such as the proximity of a country to a major technology supplier (‘ease of diffusion’), the size of the economy, electricity demand growth, and energy import dependence (‘market attractiveness’). The lack of nuclear newcomers in the early 1990s can be explained by the lack of countries with high growth in electricity demand and sufficient capacities to build their first nuclear power plant, either on their own or with international help. We also find that nuclear accidents, the pursuit of nuclear weapons, and the advances made in competing technologies played only a minor role in nuclear technology failing to be established in more countries. Our analysis improves understanding of the feasibility of introducing contested and expensive technologies in a heterogenous world with motivations and capacities that differ across countries and by a patchwork of international relations. While countries with high state capacity or support from a major technology supplier are capable of introducing large-scale technologies quickly, technology diffusion to other regions might undergo significant delays due to lower motivations and capacities. publishedVersion

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Research & Social Science
      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Gräning, Tim; Rieth, Michael; Möslang, Anton; Kuzmin, Alexei; +4 Authors

    Austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are one of the candidates as a structural material for high-temperature applications in future power plants. To guarantee the necessary high production yield, the production process was improved in terms of reproducibility and scalability, by adding a process control agent (PCA) during the milling process. Due to this addition and the inherent change of the production process, the produced powder was thoroughly investigated using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods to reveal the formation of chromium-rich carbides adjunct to titanium. Hence, less titanium was available to form the preferred complex nano-oxides the addition of carbon to the system influences the formation of precipitates severely in terms of their amount and size. The mechanical alloying process itself was unaffected by the addition of a PCA, and mixing and alloying of used elements still occurs. This work has been carried out within the framework of the German Helmholtz Association and has received funding from the topic “Materials Research for the Future Energy Supply”. The work of M. Parish and Rainer Ziegler is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the team of the chemical laboratory at the KIT for performing the chemical analysis. The help of the beamline staff at ELETTRA (project 20140052 ) synchrotron radiation facility is acknowledged. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

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    DOAJ
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    Nuclear Materials and Energy
    Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      DOAJ
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      Nuclear Materials and Energy
      Other literature type . Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Martin Jirušek; Tomáš Vlček;

    The position of the USA in the global energy environment has undergone substantial change in recent years. Mostly thanks to the introduction of new mining techniques, the USA has once again become a major producer of oil and gas, and the outcome of this is visible both at home and on the global scale. This paper assesses obstacles that stand in the way of these exports, and analyses the potential consequences on major world markets. The oil and gas glut at home is also affecting the use of another traditional US energy source: coal. Coal is being squeezed out of the energy mix and is looking for fresh markets abroad. The paper thus analyses the positioning and views on these exports on the major global markets, as well.

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    Authors: Huimin Yun; Roland Clift; Xiaotao Bi;

    Abstract With increasing international trade in wood pellets for use as fuel, the carbon footprint over the supply chain is of growing concern. The Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) is endowed with clean electricity and rich biomass resources, which are essential for developing a low-carbon wood pellet industry. This work aims to quantify the life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of torrefied wood pellets in comparison with conventional pellets, derived from forest residues in BC and transported to replace coal at power plants in Europe, the Asia Pacific region and elsewhere in Canada. The GHG reduction costs in different markets are also quantified. Five possible production configurations are analysed with uncertainties taken into consideration. Torrefied wood pellets are found to have better environmental performance than conventional pellets. The best production process, which follows the sequence drying-torrefaction-grinding-pelletization, can reduce primary energy consumption and carbon footprint by about 30% compared to conventional pellets. Over the life cycle, transportation contributes most GHG emissions (>50%), while electricity use, including sawmilling and pellet production, represents the greatest energy consumption (~50%). Life cycle analysis reveals that GHG emissions from the supply chain offset at most 15% of the savings from using BC torrefied wood pellets to replace coal. GHG reductions are greatest when the pellets are used in overseas markets, especially the Asia Pacific region and the EU, rather than domestic Canadian markets. The current carbon taxation level cannot cover the abatement cost of BC pellets; other mechanisms are still needed to support the sustainable development of the industry.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Rao, N.D.; Ummel, K.;

    Abstract Will everybody want and have a refrigerator, television and washing machine as incomes rise? Considerable uncertainty surrounds the likely increase in energy consumption and carbon emissions from rising incomes among the world's poor. We examine drivers of and predict appliance ownership using machine learning and other techniques with household survey data in India, South Africa and Brazil. Televisions and refrigerators are consistently preferred over washing machines. Income is still the predominant driver of aggregate penetration levels, but its influence differs by appliance and by region. The affordability of appliances, wealth, race and religion together, among other household characteristics, help explain the heterogeneity in appliance ownership at lower income levels. Understanding non-income drivers can be helpful to identify barriers to appliance uptake and to better forecast near term residential energy demand growth within countries.

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    Energy Research & Social Science
    Other literature type . Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Research & Social Science
      Other literature type . Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Bhaskar, Abhinav; Assadi, Mohsen; Nikpey, Homam;

    Decarbonisation of the iron and steel industry would require the use of innovative low-carbon production technologies. Use of 100% hydrogen in a shaft furnace (SF) to reduce iron ore has the potential to reduce emissions from iron and steel production significantly. In this work, results from the techno-economic assessment of a H2-SF connected to an electric arc furnace(EAF) for steel production are presented under two scenarios. In the first scenario H2 is produced from molten metal methane pyrolysis in an electrically heated liquid metal bubble column reactor. Grid connected low-temperature alkaline electrolyser was cosnidered for H2 production in the second scenario. In both cases, 59.25 kgH2 was required for the production of one ton of liquid steel (tls). The specific energy consumption (SEC) for the methane pyrolysis based system was found to be 5.16 MWh/tls. The system used 1.51 MWh/tls of electricity, and required 263 kg/tls of methane, corresponding to an energy consumption of 3.65 MWh/tls. The water electrolysis based system consumed 3.96 MWh/tls of electricity, at an electrolyser efficiency of 50 KWh/kgH2. Both systems have direct emissions of 129.4 kgCO2/tls. The indirect emissions are dependent on the source of natural gas, pellet making process and the grid-emission factor. Indirect emissions for the electrolysis based system could be negligible, if the electricity is generated from renewable energy sources. The levellized cost of production(LCOP) was found to be $631, and $669 respectively at a discount rate of 8%, for a plant-life of 20 years. The LCOP of a natural gas reforming based direct reduction steelmaking plant of operating under similar conditions was found to be $414. Uncertainty analysis was conducted for the NPV and IRR values. The Python scripts used for the calculations can be accessed at 10.5281/zenodo.4504841 {"references": ["10.5281/zenodo.4504841"]}

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    UiS Brage
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    ZENODO
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    Energy Conversion and Management: X
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Marocco, Paolo; Ferrero, Domenico; Lanzini, Andrea; Santarelli, Massimo;

    Abstract Concerning off-grid areas, diesel engines still dominate the scene of local electricity generation, despite the related pollution concerns and high operating costs. There is thus a huge global potential, in remote areas, for exploiting local renewable energy sources (RES) in place of fossil generation. Energy storage systems become hence essential for off-grid communities to cope with the issue of RES intermittency, allowing them to rely on locally harvested RES. In this work, we analysed different typologies of off-grid renewable power systems, involving batteries and hydrogen as means to store energy, to find out which is the most cost-effective configuration in remote areas. Both Li-ion and lead-acid batteries were included in the analysis, and both alkaline and PEM electrolysis technologies were considered for the production of hydrogen. Starting from single cell electrochemical models, the performance curves of the electrolyser and fuel cell devices were derived for a more detailed techno-economic assessment. Lifetimes of batteries and H2-based components were also computed based on how the power-to-power (P2P) system operates along the reference year. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed to find the component sizes that allow minimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while keeping the off-grid area energy autonomous. As a case study, the Ginostra village, on the island of Stromboli (North of Sicily, Southern Italy), was analysed since it is well representative of small insular locations in the Mediterranean area. The renewable P2P solution (0.51 €/kWh for the cheapest configuration) was found to be economically preferable than the current existing power system relying on diesel generators (0.86 €/kWh). Hydrogen, in particular, can prevent the oversizing of both battery and PV systems, thus reducing the final cost of electricity delivered by the P2P system. Moreover, unlike diesel generators, the RES-based configuration allows avoiding the production of local air pollutants and GHG emissions during its operation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Conversion an...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Conversion an...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Alfredo Tolón-Becerra; Pedro José Pérez-Martínez; Xavier Lastra-Bravo; Isabel Otero-Pastor;

    SUMMARY Greenhouse gas emission reduction is the pillar of the Kyoto Protocol and one of the main goals of the European Union (UE) energy policy. National reduction targets for EU member states and an overall target for the EU-15 (8%) were set by the Kyoto Protocol. This reduction target is based on emissions in the reference year (1990) and must be reached by 2012. EU energy policy does not set any national targets, only an overall reduction target of 20% by 2020. This paper transfers global greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in both these documents to the transport sector and specifically to CO2 emissions. It proposes a nonlinear distribution method with objective, dynamic targets for reducing CO2 emissions in the transport sector, according to the context and characteristics of each geographical area. First, we analyse CO2 emissions from transport in the reference year (1990) and their evolution from 1990 to 2007. We then propose a nonlinear methodology for distributing dynamic CO2 emission reduction targets. We have applied the proposed distribution function for 2012 and 2020 at two territorial levels (EU member states and Spanish autonomous regions). The weighted distribution is based on per capita CO2 emissions and CO2 emissions per gross domestic product. Finally, we show the weighted targets found for each EU member state and each Spanish autonomous region, compare them with the real achievements to date, and forecast the situation for the years the Kyoto and EU goals are to be met. The results underline the need for ‘weighted’ decentralised decisions to be made at different territorial levels with a view to achieving a common goal, so relative convergence of all the geographical areas is reached over time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Energy Research
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Energy Research
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Joseph Curtin; Celine McInerney; Brian Ó Gallachóir; Sarah Salm;

    Abstract Citizen investment in distributed renewables is becoming a key feature of low carbon transition in some countries, opening up new sources of capital and offering benefits for social support. Little is known about citizen investor preferences outside of mature markets such as Denmark and Germany, or if the experiences in these countries can be replicated elsewhere. Based on a survey of 1280 Irish citizens, 1000 of whom participated in a choice experiment, we find a high level of interest in investing in these technologies. This is particularly the case among high-income households with some investment experience. Investment amounts, however, are low compared to equity required for large projects, suggesting that citizen investors will not be a significant source of finance in these cases. Key barriers include lack of savings and no access to loan finance. A majority of citizens are highly risk-averse, and are motivated by financial attributes such as return and minimum investment holding period. Our findings suggest that developer-led projects may provide more opportunities for citizen investment, especially for large projects, and that significant policy interventions would be required targeting early-stage project risks to mobilise citizen investment in fully community-owned schemes.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Research & So...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Research & Social Science
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Research & So...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Research & Social Science
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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