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  • Energy Research
  • 2017-2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rubio Varas, María del Mar (compiladora);

    Deliverable no. 3.6 (WP 3) compilado por María de Mar Rubio Varas This is the longest of the deliverables produced by the research consortium HoNEST (short for "History of Nuclear Energy and Society". HoNESt's central objective was to understand how societies have engaged with nuclear energy, and how the nuclear energy sector has engaged with societies, and how this has changed over the course of the past 60 years.The very objective of the Short Country Reports (SCR) is to provide social scientists with the empirical basis to be drawn upon for perception and engagement studies. Historians were asked to provide specific evidence for the identification of: events, actors, arguments, behaviours, and types of public engagements encountered over the past 60 years across 20 countries. This framework is simple enough to host data from very different political, social and ideological environments, while some variations in the basic structure of the SCRs are unavoidable. As a result, the SCRs are a distinct product from either what the historians or the social scientists would have produced on their own in the absence of the collaborative framework favored by the HoNESt structure. This project has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 662268

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Rubio Varas, María del Mar;

    Este artículo explora los procesos de aprendizaje y de transferencia tecnológica que situaron a España entre los firstcomers de la energía nuclear a finales de los años sesenta. Se trata de un ejemplo de industria naciente que, bajo la protección del Estado y la acción de los consorcios empresariales y de las multinacionales norteamericanas, fue capaz de replicar un reto tecnológico complejo. Analizamos cómo se fue creando un ecosistema empresarial en el que fue clave el liderazgo de algunos ingenieros y la cooperación y competencia entre industrias, ingenierías y consultoras. La historia empresarial de las centrales nucleares de Zorita y Garoña ejemplifica un modelo de learning by doing que, a través de los contratos 'llave en mano', permitieron un rápido crecimiento del sector, convenciendo al gobierno de la dictadura y a los promotores eléctricos de que era posible llevar a cabo uno de los programas nucleares más ambiciosos de la Europa occidental. This article explores the learning and technology transfer processes that placed Spain among the firstcomers of nuclear energy in the late 1960s. It is an example of a infantindustry that, under the protection of the State and the action of the business consortiums and of the North American multinationals, was able to replicate a complex technological challenge. We analyzed how an entrepreneurial ecosystem was created in which the leadership of some engineers and the cooperation and competition between industries, engineering and consultants were key. The business history of the Zorita and Garoña nuclear power plants exemplifies a model of learning by doing that, through turnkey contracts, allowed a rapid growth of the sector, convincing the dictatorship government and the electric promoters that it was possible to carry out one of the most ambitious nuclear programs in Western Europe. Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación de los proyectos del MCCIN HAR2014-53825-R y HAR 2017-86086-R.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-earrow_drop_down
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    Academica-e
    Article . 2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-earrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Academica-e
      Article . 2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Araiz Vega, Miguel; Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia;

    An important issue in thermoelectric generators is the thermal design of the heat exchangers since it can improve their performance by increasing the heat absorbed or dissipated by the thermoelectric modules. Due to its several advantages, compared to conventional dissipation systems, a thermosyphon heat exchanger with phase change is proposed to be placed on the cold side of thermoelectric generators. Some of these advantages are: high heat-transfer rates; absence of moving parts and lack of auxiliary con- sumption (because fans or pumps are not required); and the fact that these systems are wickless. A com- putational model is developed to design and predict the behaviour of this heat exchangers. Furthermore, a prototype has been built and tested in order to demonstrate its performance and validate the compu- tational model. The model predicts the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger with a relative error in the interval [?8.09;7.83] in the 95% of the cases. Finally, the use of thermosyphons with phase change in thermoelectric generators has been studied in a waste-heat recovery application, stating that including them on the cold side of the generators improves the net thermoelectric production by 36% compared to that obtained with finned dissipators under forced convection. The authors are indebted to the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness-Government of Spain and FEDER Funds for economic support of this work, included in the DPI2014-53158-R Research Project.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Conversion and Management
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Conversion and Management
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro;

    Waste heat generation has a widespread presence into daily applications, however, due to the low-temperature grade which presents, its exploitation with the most common technologies is complicated. Thermoelectricity presents the possibility of harvesting any temperature grade heat; besides it also includes many other advantages which make thermoelectric generators perfect for generating electric power from waste heat. A prototype divided into two levels along the chimney which uses the waste heat of a combustion has been built. The experimentation has been used to determine the parameters that influence the generation and to validate a generic computational model able to predict the thermoelectric generation of any application, but specially applications where waste heat is harvested. The temperature and mass flow of the flue gases and the load resistance determine the generation, and consequently, these parameters have been included into the model, among many others. This computational model incorporates all the elements included into the generators (heat exchangers, ceramics, unions) and all the thermoelectric phenomena and moreover, it takes into account the temperature loss of the flue gases while circulating along the thermoelectric generator. The built prototype presents a 65 % reduction in the generation of the two levels of the thermoelectric generator due to the temperature loss of the flue gases. The general computational model predicts the thermoelectric generation with an accuracy of the ±12 %. The authors are indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the economic support to this work, included in the DPI2014-53158-R research project.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Conversion and Management
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: 0000-0002-8100-2651; 0000-0002-5235-7429; Connors, D.P.;

    Nuclear energy was one among business opportunities brought by the take off in science and technology after the Second World War. The narratives of the milestones of atomic history neglect the commercial, industrial and organizational aspects that made it possible. This paper concentrates on what makes the nuclear business exceptional (or not). We undertake an analysis of the nuclear supply business (designing, manufacturing and installing nuclear facilities) distinct from the analysis of the demand side (business operating nuclear power plants). We identify a continuing role of the state in civil nuclear businesses and a symbiotic relationship with private atomic business. And yet, for the most part the nuclear business applies the usual criteria of cost minimization and profit maximization within the boundaries of a non-perfectly competitive market. We argue that the development of civil nuclear projects is core not just to business history as a discipline but to post-war history. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Two of the authors, Rubio-Varas and De la Torre, must acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) as financing entities, through the research project reference HAR2017-86,086-R (AEI/ERDF, EU).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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    Business History
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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      Business History
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Leyre Catalan; P. Aranguren; Miguel Araiz; Gurutze Perez; +1 Authors

    Despite being one of the largest renewable sources, geothermal energy is not widely utilized for electricity generation. In order to leverage shallow hot dry rock (HDR) fields, the present paper proposes an alternative to enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): thermoelectric generators. Based on the conditions of Timanfaya National Park, a prototype has been built to experimentally analyze the feasibility of the proposed solution. The prototype is composed by a two phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) as hot side heat exchanger, two thermoelectric modules, and it considers different cold side heat exchangers: fin dissipators assisted by a fan and loop thermosyphons, both with various geometries. Experiments have demonstrated that loop thermosyphons represent the best alternative due to their low thermal resistance and, especially, due to their lack of auxiliary consumption, leading to a maximum net power generation of 3.29 W per module with a temperature difference of 180 °C (200 °C in the hot side and 20 °C as ambient temperature), 54% more than with fin dissipators. Hence, there exists a new opportunity for electricity generation in shallow hot dry rock fields: thermoelectric generators with biphasic thermosyphons as heat exchangers, a patented and robust solution. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish State Research Agency and FEDER-UE under the grants DPI2014-53158-R and RTC-2017-6628-3 ; as well as the FPU Program of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU16/05203 ).

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Academica-e; Recolec...arrow_drop_down
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      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Miguel Araiz; Álvaro Casi; Leyre Catalan; A. Martínez; +1 Authors

    One of the options to reduce industrial energy costs and the environmental impact is to recover the waste-heat produce in some processes. This paper proposes the use of thermoelectric generators at a stone wool manufacturing plant to transform waste-heat from a hot gas flow into useful electricity. A combination of two computational models, previously developed and validated, has been used to perform the optimization from a double point of view: power output and economic cost. The proposed thermoelectric generator includes fin dissipaters and biphasic thermosyphons as the hot and cold side heat exchangers respectively. The model takes into account the temperature drop along the duct where the gases flow, the electric consumption of the auxiliary equipment, and the configuration and geometry of the heat exchangers. After the simulations a maximum net power production of 45 838 W is achieved considering an occupancy ratio of 0.40 and a fin spacing of 10 mm. The installation cost is minimized to 10.6 €/W with an occupancy ratio of 0.24. Besides, the Levelised Cost of Electricity, LCOE, is estimated for a thermoelectric generator for the first time. It is necessary to use standar methodologies to compare this technology to others. The LCOE estimated for the proposed design is around 15 c€/kWh within the ranges of current energy sources, proving, in this way, the capabilities of waste-heat recovery from industrial processes at reasonable prices with thermoelectric generators. The authors are indebted to the Government of Navarre funds for economic support of this work, included in the 0011-1365-2018-000101 Research Project; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the economic support thanks to the DPI2014-53158-R project.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro; Díaz de Garayo, Sergio; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David;

    This paper makes evident that a rigorous review of simulation methods for thermoelectric heat pumps in nearly-zero energy buildings is needed, as incoherent results during verification and validation of simulation models are reported in the literature. Statistical methods based on uncertainty analysis are deployed to calculate the minimum deviations between experimental and simulated values of the main variables that define the performance of a thermoelectric heat pump, within working scenarios expected in nearly-zero energy buildings. Results indicate that the narrower confidence intervals of these deviations are set by the uncertainties in the calculation of the thermoelecric properties of the thermoelectric modules. The minimum deviation in the prediction of the electric power consumed by the thermoelectric heat pump is ±6% in all scenarios. Likewise, confidence intervals for the heat flow emitted to the hot reservoir range from ±8% for high operating voltages of the thermoelectric heat pump to ±23% for low ones. In similar terms, those of the coefficient of performance range from ±4% to ±21%. These lower limits cannot be reduced unless the uncertainties in the measurement of the thermoelectric properties are reduced. In fact, these confidence intervals are due to increase as more uncertainties are added in the analysis, so wider intervals are expected when heat exchangers and complex heat reservoir are introduced in the system. To avoid so, several guidelines for uncertainty reduction are included in the paper, intended to increase the reliability of the simulation of thermoelectric heat pumps. Among them, relevant is the precise account of the aspect ratio in a thermoelectric module, as well as the deployment of temperature and voltage sensors with systematic standard uncertainties lower than 0.3 °C and 0.01 V respectively. The paper demonstrates the relevance of uncertainty propagation analysis in the verification and validation of the simulation models in this field, and underlines how misleading could be just to compare average values of experimental and simulated results. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [grant number RTI2018-093501-B-C22 ].

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Iñigo Ortega-Fernández; Irantzu Uriz; Asier Ortuondo; Ana Belén Hernández; +3 Authors

    Packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) systems have been identified in the last years as one of the most promising TES alternatives in terms of thermal efficiency and economic viability. The relative simplicity of this storage concept opens an important opportunity to its implementation in many environments, from the renewable solar-thermal frame to the industrial waste heat recovery. In addition, its implicit flexibility allows the use of a wide variety of solid materials and heat transfer fluids, which leads to its deployment in very different applications. Its potential to overcome current heat storage system limitations regarding suitable temperature ranges or storage capacities has also been pointed out. However, the full implementation of the packed bed storage concept is still incomplete since no industrial scale units are under operation. The main underlying reasons are associated to the lack of a complete extraction of the full potential of this storage technology, derived from a successful system optimization in terms of material selection, design, and thermal management. These points have been evidenced as critical in order to attain high thermal efficiency values, comparable to the state-of-the-art storage technologies, with improved technoeconomic performance. In order to bring this storage technology to a more mature status, closer to a successful industrial deployment, this paper proposes a double approach. First, a low-cost by-product material with high thermal performance is used as heat storage material in the packed bed. Second, a complete energetic and efficiency analysis of the storage system is introduced as a function of the thermal operation. Overall, the impact of both the selected storage material and the different thermal operation strategies is discussed by means of a thermal model which permits a careful discussion about the implications of each TES deployment strategy and the underlying governing mechanisms. The results show the paramount importance of the selected operation method, able to increase the resulting cycle and material usage efficiency up to values comparable to standard currently used TES solutions. Financial support received from the European Commission through the H2020‐WASTE‐2014‐two‐stage(WASTE‐1‐2014) program (642067—RESLAG—IA) is gratefully acknowledged. Special issue research article

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    International Journal of Energy Research
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    International Journal of Energy Research
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rubio Varas, María del Mar (compiladora);

    Deliverable no. 3.6 (WP 3) compilado por María de Mar Rubio Varas This is the longest of the deliverables produced by the research consortium HoNEST (short for "History of Nuclear Energy and Society". HoNESt's central objective was to understand how societies have engaged with nuclear energy, and how the nuclear energy sector has engaged with societies, and how this has changed over the course of the past 60 years.The very objective of the Short Country Reports (SCR) is to provide social scientists with the empirical basis to be drawn upon for perception and engagement studies. Historians were asked to provide specific evidence for the identification of: events, actors, arguments, behaviours, and types of public engagements encountered over the past 60 years across 20 countries. This framework is simple enough to host data from very different political, social and ideological environments, while some variations in the basic structure of the SCRs are unavoidable. As a result, the SCRs are a distinct product from either what the historians or the social scientists would have produced on their own in the absence of the collaborative framework favored by the HoNESt structure. This project has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 662268

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    Authors: Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Rubio Varas, María del Mar;

    Este artículo explora los procesos de aprendizaje y de transferencia tecnológica que situaron a España entre los firstcomers de la energía nuclear a finales de los años sesenta. Se trata de un ejemplo de industria naciente que, bajo la protección del Estado y la acción de los consorcios empresariales y de las multinacionales norteamericanas, fue capaz de replicar un reto tecnológico complejo. Analizamos cómo se fue creando un ecosistema empresarial en el que fue clave el liderazgo de algunos ingenieros y la cooperación y competencia entre industrias, ingenierías y consultoras. La historia empresarial de las centrales nucleares de Zorita y Garoña ejemplifica un modelo de learning by doing que, a través de los contratos 'llave en mano', permitieron un rápido crecimiento del sector, convenciendo al gobierno de la dictadura y a los promotores eléctricos de que era posible llevar a cabo uno de los programas nucleares más ambiciosos de la Europa occidental. This article explores the learning and technology transfer processes that placed Spain among the firstcomers of nuclear energy in the late 1960s. It is an example of a infantindustry that, under the protection of the State and the action of the business consortiums and of the North American multinationals, was able to replicate a complex technological challenge. We analyzed how an entrepreneurial ecosystem was created in which the leadership of some engineers and the cooperation and competition between industries, engineering and consultants were key. The business history of the Zorita and Garoña nuclear power plants exemplifies a model of learning by doing that, through turnkey contracts, allowed a rapid growth of the sector, convincing the dictatorship government and the electric promoters that it was possible to carry out one of the most ambitious nuclear programs in Western Europe. Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación de los proyectos del MCCIN HAR2014-53825-R y HAR 2017-86086-R.

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    Authors: Araiz Vega, Miguel; Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia;

    An important issue in thermoelectric generators is the thermal design of the heat exchangers since it can improve their performance by increasing the heat absorbed or dissipated by the thermoelectric modules. Due to its several advantages, compared to conventional dissipation systems, a thermosyphon heat exchanger with phase change is proposed to be placed on the cold side of thermoelectric generators. Some of these advantages are: high heat-transfer rates; absence of moving parts and lack of auxiliary con- sumption (because fans or pumps are not required); and the fact that these systems are wickless. A com- putational model is developed to design and predict the behaviour of this heat exchangers. Furthermore, a prototype has been built and tested in order to demonstrate its performance and validate the compu- tational model. The model predicts the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger with a relative error in the interval [?8.09;7.83] in the 95% of the cases. Finally, the use of thermosyphons with phase change in thermoelectric generators has been studied in a waste-heat recovery application, stating that including them on the cold side of the generators improves the net thermoelectric production by 36% compared to that obtained with finned dissipators under forced convection. The authors are indebted to the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness-Government of Spain and FEDER Funds for economic support of this work, included in the DPI2014-53158-R Research Project.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Araiz Vega, Miguel; Astrain Ulibarrena, David; Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro;

    Waste heat generation has a widespread presence into daily applications, however, due to the low-temperature grade which presents, its exploitation with the most common technologies is complicated. Thermoelectricity presents the possibility of harvesting any temperature grade heat; besides it also includes many other advantages which make thermoelectric generators perfect for generating electric power from waste heat. A prototype divided into two levels along the chimney which uses the waste heat of a combustion has been built. The experimentation has been used to determine the parameters that influence the generation and to validate a generic computational model able to predict the thermoelectric generation of any application, but specially applications where waste heat is harvested. The temperature and mass flow of the flue gases and the load resistance determine the generation, and consequently, these parameters have been included into the model, among many others. This computational model incorporates all the elements included into the generators (heat exchangers, ceramics, unions) and all the thermoelectric phenomena and moreover, it takes into account the temperature loss of the flue gases while circulating along the thermoelectric generator. The built prototype presents a 65 % reduction in the generation of the two levels of the thermoelectric generator due to the temperature loss of the flue gases. The general computational model predicts the thermoelectric generation with an accuracy of the ±12 %. The authors are indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the economic support to this work, included in the DPI2014-53158-R research project.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: 0000-0002-8100-2651; 0000-0002-5235-7429; Connors, D.P.;

    Nuclear energy was one among business opportunities brought by the take off in science and technology after the Second World War. The narratives of the milestones of atomic history neglect the commercial, industrial and organizational aspects that made it possible. This paper concentrates on what makes the nuclear business exceptional (or not). We undertake an analysis of the nuclear supply business (designing, manufacturing and installing nuclear facilities) distinct from the analysis of the demand side (business operating nuclear power plants). We identify a continuing role of the state in civil nuclear businesses and a symbiotic relationship with private atomic business. And yet, for the most part the nuclear business applies the usual criteria of cost minimization and profit maximization within the boundaries of a non-perfectly competitive market. We argue that the development of civil nuclear projects is core not just to business history as a discipline but to post-war history. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Two of the authors, Rubio-Varas and De la Torre, must acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) as financing entities, through the research project reference HAR2017-86,086-R (AEI/ERDF, EU).

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    Business History
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    Authors: Leyre Catalan; P. Aranguren; Miguel Araiz; Gurutze Perez; +1 Authors

    Despite being one of the largest renewable sources, geothermal energy is not widely utilized for electricity generation. In order to leverage shallow hot dry rock (HDR) fields, the present paper proposes an alternative to enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): thermoelectric generators. Based on the conditions of Timanfaya National Park, a prototype has been built to experimentally analyze the feasibility of the proposed solution. The prototype is composed by a two phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) as hot side heat exchanger, two thermoelectric modules, and it considers different cold side heat exchangers: fin dissipators assisted by a fan and loop thermosyphons, both with various geometries. Experiments have demonstrated that loop thermosyphons represent the best alternative due to their low thermal resistance and, especially, due to their lack of auxiliary consumption, leading to a maximum net power generation of 3.29 W per module with a temperature difference of 180 °C (200 °C in the hot side and 20 °C as ambient temperature), 54% more than with fin dissipators. Hence, there exists a new opportunity for electricity generation in shallow hot dry rock fields: thermoelectric generators with biphasic thermosyphons as heat exchangers, a patented and robust solution. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish State Research Agency and FEDER-UE under the grants DPI2014-53158-R and RTC-2017-6628-3 ; as well as the FPU Program of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU16/05203 ).

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Authors: Miguel Araiz; Álvaro Casi; Leyre Catalan; A. Martínez; +1 Authors

    One of the options to reduce industrial energy costs and the environmental impact is to recover the waste-heat produce in some processes. This paper proposes the use of thermoelectric generators at a stone wool manufacturing plant to transform waste-heat from a hot gas flow into useful electricity. A combination of two computational models, previously developed and validated, has been used to perform the optimization from a double point of view: power output and economic cost. The proposed thermoelectric generator includes fin dissipaters and biphasic thermosyphons as the hot and cold side heat exchangers respectively. The model takes into account the temperature drop along the duct where the gases flow, the electric consumption of the auxiliary equipment, and the configuration and geometry of the heat exchangers. After the simulations a maximum net power production of 45 838 W is achieved considering an occupancy ratio of 0.40 and a fin spacing of 10 mm. The installation cost is minimized to 10.6 €/W with an occupancy ratio of 0.24. Besides, the Levelised Cost of Electricity, LCOE, is estimated for a thermoelectric generator for the first time. It is necessary to use standar methodologies to compare this technology to others. The LCOE estimated for the proposed design is around 15 c€/kWh within the ranges of current energy sources, proving, in this way, the capabilities of waste-heat recovery from industrial processes at reasonable prices with thermoelectric generators. The authors are indebted to the Government of Navarre funds for economic support of this work, included in the 0011-1365-2018-000101 Research Project; and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the economic support thanks to the DPI2014-53158-R project.

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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Martínez Echeverri, Álvaro; Díaz de Garayo, Sergio; Aranguren Garacochea, Patricia; Astrain Ulibarrena, David;

    This paper makes evident that a rigorous review of simulation methods for thermoelectric heat pumps in nearly-zero energy buildings is needed, as incoherent results during verification and validation of simulation models are reported in the literature. Statistical methods based on uncertainty analysis are deployed to calculate the minimum deviations between experimental and simulated values of the main variables that define the performance of a thermoelectric heat pump, within working scenarios expected in nearly-zero energy buildings. Results indicate that the narrower confidence intervals of these deviations are set by the uncertainties in the calculation of the thermoelecric properties of the thermoelectric modules. The minimum deviation in the prediction of the electric power consumed by the thermoelectric heat pump is ±6% in all scenarios. Likewise, confidence intervals for the heat flow emitted to the hot reservoir range from ±8% for high operating voltages of the thermoelectric heat pump to ±23% for low ones. In similar terms, those of the coefficient of performance range from ±4% to ±21%. These lower limits cannot be reduced unless the uncertainties in the measurement of the thermoelectric properties are reduced. In fact, these confidence intervals are due to increase as more uncertainties are added in the analysis, so wider intervals are expected when heat exchangers and complex heat reservoir are introduced in the system. To avoid so, several guidelines for uncertainty reduction are included in the paper, intended to increase the reliability of the simulation of thermoelectric heat pumps. Among them, relevant is the precise account of the aspect ratio in a thermoelectric module, as well as the deployment of temperature and voltage sensors with systematic standard uncertainties lower than 0.3 °C and 0.01 V respectively. The paper demonstrates the relevance of uncertainty propagation analysis in the verification and validation of the simulation models in this field, and underlines how misleading could be just to compare average values of experimental and simulated results. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [grant number RTI2018-093501-B-C22 ].

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    Energy Conversion and Management
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    Energy Conversion and Management
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Conversion and Management
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      Energy Conversion and Management
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Iñigo Ortega-Fernández; Irantzu Uriz; Asier Ortuondo; Ana Belén Hernández; +3 Authors

    Packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) systems have been identified in the last years as one of the most promising TES alternatives in terms of thermal efficiency and economic viability. The relative simplicity of this storage concept opens an important opportunity to its implementation in many environments, from the renewable solar-thermal frame to the industrial waste heat recovery. In addition, its implicit flexibility allows the use of a wide variety of solid materials and heat transfer fluids, which leads to its deployment in very different applications. Its potential to overcome current heat storage system limitations regarding suitable temperature ranges or storage capacities has also been pointed out. However, the full implementation of the packed bed storage concept is still incomplete since no industrial scale units are under operation. The main underlying reasons are associated to the lack of a complete extraction of the full potential of this storage technology, derived from a successful system optimization in terms of material selection, design, and thermal management. These points have been evidenced as critical in order to attain high thermal efficiency values, comparable to the state-of-the-art storage technologies, with improved technoeconomic performance. In order to bring this storage technology to a more mature status, closer to a successful industrial deployment, this paper proposes a double approach. First, a low-cost by-product material with high thermal performance is used as heat storage material in the packed bed. Second, a complete energetic and efficiency analysis of the storage system is introduced as a function of the thermal operation. Overall, the impact of both the selected storage material and the different thermal operation strategies is discussed by means of a thermal model which permits a careful discussion about the implications of each TES deployment strategy and the underlying governing mechanisms. The results show the paramount importance of the selected operation method, able to increase the resulting cycle and material usage efficiency up to values comparable to standard currently used TES solutions. Financial support received from the European Commission through the H2020‐WASTE‐2014‐two‐stage(WASTE‐1‐2014) program (642067—RESLAG—IA) is gratefully acknowledged. Special issue research article

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    International Journal of Energy Research
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    International Journal of Energy Research
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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