• Energy Research

The objective of this paper is to analyze the degree of persistence of final energy demand in Portugal. Our results suggest the presence of a strong level of persistence for aggregate final energy demand. Final demand for gas is the most persistent component of energy demand, while the final demand for coal is the least persistent. In turn, final demand for petroleum and biomass tend to have levels of persistence similar to aggregate final demand. The case of final demand for electricity is inconclusive. These results have the important implication for the design of environmental policies. First, the fact that final energy demand is highly persistent is good news in that environmental policies in Portugal can be implemented in a favorable setting in which their effects will tend to be long lasting. Second, the high persistence of gas and the fact that biomass and petroleum have levels of persistence that are similar suggests that fuel switching policies will be relatively easy to implement in these cases. The case of coal is somewhat different in that switching away from coal may not be easy. In turn, the case of electricity is somewhat ambiguous. While the fact that it is also highly persistent suggests that shocks to its final demand will produce long lasting effects, it is not clear, however, how they compare to the effects on the other final demand components and therefore we can make no statements about fuel switching.

His plans for the Broadway Theatre having failed, Hamblin throws his final energy into a wide, desperate variety of performance genres at the Bowery. He introduces his newest (and last) protegee, pixyish fifteen-year-old Maggie Mitchell, who will go on to become one of the century’s biggest stars. He engages temperamental star Lola Montez, who soon leaves when they quarrel. Hamblin rapidly descends into mania and death at age fifty-two on January 8, 1853. His legacy and an epilogue summarizing the later lives of Shaw and their children close the book.

Abstract Group of Seven (G7) and BRICS have an important position in many spheres, the research on these countries’ final energy consumption is necessary and important. It will provide China with the experience on “low-carbon development” and “energy saving”. The research indicates that in the final energy consumption structure of the G7, oil and natural gas occupy the higher proportion. As for the BRICS countries, the proportion of coal, renewables & and waste is much higher. G7 countries’ transport sector, business and the public sector are higher than the proportion of BRICS countries, while the proportion of BRICS countries is higher than the Group of Seven industrial sector.

The goal of this paper is to test for the presence of long memory in final energy demand in Portugal. Our findings suggest the presence of long memory in aggregate and disaggregate energy demand in Portugal. All fractional-difference parameters are positive and lower than 0.5 indicating that the series are both stationary and mean reverting. In addition, our findings also indicate that there are no clear seasonal effects over the degree of fractional integration. These results have important implication for the design of environmental policies. First positive policy shocks are likely to be more effective in moving energy consumption away from its predetermined target. Second, those policies may cause energy demand to revert to its (new) trend over a long period of time. Third, our results also suggest that switching between types of energy will be easier given that all components of aggregate final energy demand have long range dependency. Finally, given the strong connection of the energy sector with the rest of the economy, energy policies may be transmitted to other sectors of the economy and may also have impacts on the real economy. Moreover, positive shocks associated with permanent energy policies stimulating the switch to renewable energy sources may contribute to changing the energy consumption mix and to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

(i) The bands of TiO have been found to extend toward the infra-red through some 800 ? further than the range previously known. (ii) Bands in the orange, red and infra-red regions have been analysed into two systems, distinct from the blue-green system. One of these is due to the transition 1? ? 1?, the other to 3? ? 3?, the latter having the same final energy level as the blue-green system 3? ? 3?. (iii) Analysis of other bands in the red is in progress.

The economic expansion period during 2000-2008 was accompanied by an important increase of energy consumption in Andalusia. The desire of decoupling between both of them, has led us to carry out a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) based on the Andalusia input-output tables. Additionally, this decomposition has been supplemented by a Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) analysis of the energy consumption changes during a longer period 2000-2013. Therefore, the novelty of this paper is found in the following aspects: i) the structural decomposition of the final energy consumption changes is applied on the largest disaggregation of sectors made until now for the Andalusian economy (73 productive sectors) during the period 2000-2008; ii) the LMDI analysis provide results for a longer period (2000-2013) and allows us to compare the two decomposition approaches; iii) both decompositions analyse the residential and productive energy consumption changes, iv) the analysis provides a better understanding of the energy sources that are behind the driving forces; and v) based on the above results, some energy policy recommendations are provided.

This chapter presents a stylised overview of energy situation in Asia covering the developments since 1990. The primary energy requirement of the region has grown significantly during this period as China emerged as the second largest global economy while other Asian countries grew economically. High dependence on coal emerges as a special feature of this development, which has allowed the region to maintain a self-sufficiency ratio of 80% since 1990. Most of the countries in the region have reduced their energy intensity but there is significant learning potential from one another in further improving energy efficiency. Growing industrialisation particularly in China has meant that the industrial sector is the leading final energy consumer but the residential sector comes next.