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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mundaca, L.;

    This report was developed under the ‘Users Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on Hard-to-Reach (HTR) Energy Users’. The Task aims to provide country participants with the opportunity to share and exchange successful approaches identifying and better engaging HTR energy users. Under the Task, HTR energy users are broadly defined as 'any energy user from the residential and non-residential sectors, who uses any type of energy or fuel, and who is typically either hard-to-reach physically, underserved, or hard to engage or motivate in behaviour change, energy efficiency and demand-side interventions’.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    The first of a series on climate change, this evaluation assesses International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA) experience with key win-win policies in the energy sector. It focuses on energy price reform and policies for energy efficiency, both of which offer potentially large gains at the country level together with significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The next phase will look at the project experience of the Bank (including the carbon funds) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in promoting technologies for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Transport and forestry issues will also be evaluated. The record levels of energy prices in 2008, although they have been relaxed, provide an impetus for clients to seek more sustainable and price-resilient growth paths. The Bank can proactively help interested clients to assess the domestic benefits of price reform and efficiency policies, explore design options, and finance their implementation. This will require a reorientation of the Bank's internal incentives, and adoption of a systems approach to energy and climate. These efforts will complement the crucial steps developed countries must take to reduce their own greenhouse gas emissions and to provide financial and technical help for mitigation by developing countries, consistent with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) commitments and the Bali action plan.

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    Authors: Elizondo Azuela, Gabriela; Bushueva, Irina;

    Developed and developing countries alike are increasingly motivated by the benefits offered by renewable energy, including enhanced energy security, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and local envi¬ronmental impacts, increased economic and industrial development, and more options for reliable and modern energy access. Today, about 120 countries, more than half of them developing coun¬tries have a national target related to renewable energy. Moreover, 88 countries have introduced price- or quantity-based incentives for renewable energy. Just over half of those countries are developing. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix is one of the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, SE4ALL calls on governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges, including increasing the use of renewable energy, by 2030.

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    Authors: Sinton, Jonathan; Sarkar, Ashok; Jaques, Ivan; Bushueva, Irina;

    Over the 20-year period between 1990 and 2010, strong demo¬graphic and economic growth around the world caused global primary energy consumption to grow at a compound annual rate of 2 percent annually. Even so, falling energy intensity (the amount of energy used to produce a unit of economic output) meant that global energy demand in 2010 was more than 20 percent lower than it otherwise would have been. The energy intensity of the global economy fell during the period from 10.2 to 7.9 megajoules per U.S. dollar (2005 dollars at PPP). The reduction was driven by cumulative improvements in energy efficiency, partially offset by growth in activity, resulting in energy savings of nearly 2,300 exajoules over the 20-year period. Doubling the rate of improvement of global energy efficiency is one of the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Launched in the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, SE4ALL calls on governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges, including energy efficiency, by 2030.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Girdis, Dean; Hoskote, Mangesh;

    This study reviews Malawi's policies in the biomass, rural electrification, and non-biomass renewable energy sub-sectors to identify problems and constraints to progress and to propose policies, initiatives, and institutional structures to overcome those problems and constraints. The main recommendations of this report to the Government of Malawi are as follows: 1) reform the present legislative and regulatory framework to permit and encourage local management of woodlands on a commercially viable and environmentally sustainable basis, 2) devolve the exclusive authority and responsibility for the exploitation and management of forest cover other than that pertaining to the gazetted forests (that is, forests that are assigned or marked out by the government) to the local rural population. 3) Provide real incentives (including penalties, where applicable) for private sector tree planting, in particular on the tobacco estates. 4) apply a stumpage fee system to achieve environmental (sustainable management) and energy policy (efficient conversion and end use) objectives. 5) create a regulatory and institutional framework within which private sector initiatives and large-scale rural electrification can proceed in a financially viable manner. 6) establish a mechanism for the provision of technical assistance, promotion, and support in cases where off-grid rural electrification is to be executed by the private sector. 7) create a mechanism for the cofinancing of rural electrification. 8) Create an enabling environment within which the development and dissemination of non-biomass renewable energy sources can be accelerated. 9) provide fiscal relief (for example, remove import tariffs, and provide preferential VAT treatment on renewable energy technology systems and their components) and other incentives for the use of renewable energy sources. And finally, 10) Where cost-effective, promote the use of renewable energy in rural electrification projects, and specifically in government-sponsored rural social investments in, for example, health and education.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Knowledge Repos...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Liu, Feng; Tromop, Robert;

    This guidance note, about Industrial energy efficiency is closely linked to the economic competitiveness of countries with significant manufacturing bases and to the energy security of countries that rely heavily on imported energy. For individual enterprises, improving energy efficiency strengthens the bottom line, often reducing direct energy costs by 10 to 30 percent Industry accounts for approximately 30 percent of global final energy consumption and a similar share of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Its total energy intensity could be reduced by about 25 percent by modernizing technology, particularly in developing countries. The main barriers to achieving broad energy efficiency gains are insufficient information; difficulty obtaining financing; and, in many developing countries, insufficient capacity for identifying, preparing, and delivering projects. A welldesigned national industrial energy efficiency program should include clear policy goals linked to tangible targets; a range of policy instruments to guide and encourage action; and measures to build implementation capacity and facilitate financing. The role of the government is to facilitate or even to mandate the removal of impediments to successful investment in energy efficiency. Carefully calibrated interventions can address local and global environmental concerns while generating social and economic benefits. Governments should take a leadership role by analyzing how energy drives productivity and how improvements in energy efficiency can increase the bottom line. Further information about this note can be seen here in : http://www.iipnetwork.org/IEE.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Knowledge Repos...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Iimi, Atsushi;

    Albania is among the most vulnerable countries to external energy shocks and climatic conditions, because of its high dependency on hydropower for electricity. Given highly volatile international energy prices and expected global warming, it is becoming increasingly important to manage the demand for electricity. However, the country has long been faced with a significant problem of electricity metering. About one-third of total energy is lost for technical and nontechnical reasons. This paper estimates the residential demand function by applying a two-stage system equation method for an endogenous censored variable, because the lack of metering makes the electricity consumption partially observable for the econometrician. It is found that metering is important to curb non-essential electricity use by households. The electricity demand could also be reduced by raising the first block rate and lowering the second block rate and the threshold between the two blocks. In addition, weather conditions and home appliance ownership would affect the demand for electricity. But the latter looks more influential than the former.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    The next several years are critical for achieving lasting results in China's relatively new energy efficiency program for public institutions. Public institutions in China are defined as those government agencies, public service units, and organizations that either fully or partially receive government budget funds. In the study team's opinion, key challenges for China's public institution energy conservation program for the medium-term might best be summarized to include the following four: (i) completing program institutional infrastructure, (ii) making further inroads in the huge task of completing energy use data collection and diagnostic analysis in China's many public entities, (iii) further improving incentives and generating greater enthusiasm among public entities for action, and (iv) expanding financing options for public entities, especially using energy performance contracting (EPC). Plans already exist to address the first two challenges and emphasis should be placed on quality of implementation. Efforts dealing with the third and fourth challenges, improving incentives and expanding use of energy performance contracting, also are parts of China's current agenda. Meeting these two challenges in particular will require creativity and development of new approaches. Consultation of international experience in these two areas may be particularly helpful, and this receives special focus in this report.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    Renewable energy and energy efficiency projects continue to perform strongly in the World Bank Group (WBG) energy portfolio and are increasingly being mainstreamed in the WBG's energy lending. In fiscal 2007 a total of US$1,433 million supported 63 renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in 32 countries. In addition to operational activities, the WBG engages in a variety of economic sector work and technical assistance focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency. This work is an integral part of the WBG activities, which is valued as an important source of information and advice for policy makers and other stakeholders. In addition, these activities are an important component in the preparation of future lending activities. The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a multi-donor trust-funded global technical assistance program that has reached its 25th anniversary. This program provides policy advice on sustainable energy development to governments of developing countries and economies in transition. The carbon finance project aims at promoting investments in wind energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to contribute to the further development of the international carbon market in Mexico through the supply of emissions reductions under the clean development mechanism and to improve energy security.

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    Authors: Figueres, Christiana; Philips, Michael;

    Improving energy efficiency (EE) is one of the most promising approaches for achieving cost-effective global greenhouse gases (GHG) reductions. However, it is severely underrepresented in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) portfolio. Just 10 percent of the emission reduction credits traded in the carbon market is from EE projects. In particular, small, dispersed, end-use EE measures-which entail significant GHG mitigation potential, along with other clear, local, and direct sustainable development benefits-have been largely bypassed by the carbon market. The modalities of traditional CDM have been set for individual, stand-alone, emission reduction projects that are implemented at a single point in time. While CDM rules allow "bundling" of several of these projects together for registration purposes, the specific sites where they will occur must be known ex-ante and they must all occur at the same point in time. These conditions generally cannot be met by most dispersed demand-side EE programs, whose emission reductions occur over a period of time and in numerous locations (households/industries/cities). In addition, participants in energy-efficiency programs may not be known at the outset because the program may depend on gradual take-up of incentives.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mundaca, L.;

    This report was developed under the ‘Users Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) by the International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on Hard-to-Reach (HTR) Energy Users’. The Task aims to provide country participants with the opportunity to share and exchange successful approaches identifying and better engaging HTR energy users. Under the Task, HTR energy users are broadly defined as 'any energy user from the residential and non-residential sectors, who uses any type of energy or fuel, and who is typically either hard-to-reach physically, underserved, or hard to engage or motivate in behaviour change, energy efficiency and demand-side interventions’.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    The first of a series on climate change, this evaluation assesses International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA) experience with key win-win policies in the energy sector. It focuses on energy price reform and policies for energy efficiency, both of which offer potentially large gains at the country level together with significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The next phase will look at the project experience of the Bank (including the carbon funds) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in promoting technologies for renewable energy and energy efficiency. Transport and forestry issues will also be evaluated. The record levels of energy prices in 2008, although they have been relaxed, provide an impetus for clients to seek more sustainable and price-resilient growth paths. The Bank can proactively help interested clients to assess the domestic benefits of price reform and efficiency policies, explore design options, and finance their implementation. This will require a reorientation of the Bank's internal incentives, and adoption of a systems approach to energy and climate. These efforts will complement the crucial steps developed countries must take to reduce their own greenhouse gas emissions and to provide financial and technical help for mitigation by developing countries, consistent with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) commitments and the Bali action plan.

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    Authors: Elizondo Azuela, Gabriela; Bushueva, Irina;

    Developed and developing countries alike are increasingly motivated by the benefits offered by renewable energy, including enhanced energy security, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and local envi¬ronmental impacts, increased economic and industrial development, and more options for reliable and modern energy access. Today, about 120 countries, more than half of them developing coun¬tries have a national target related to renewable energy. Moreover, 88 countries have introduced price- or quantity-based incentives for renewable energy. Just over half of those countries are developing. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix is one of the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, SE4ALL calls on governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges, including increasing the use of renewable energy, by 2030.

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    Authors: Sinton, Jonathan; Sarkar, Ashok; Jaques, Ivan; Bushueva, Irina;

    Over the 20-year period between 1990 and 2010, strong demo¬graphic and economic growth around the world caused global primary energy consumption to grow at a compound annual rate of 2 percent annually. Even so, falling energy intensity (the amount of energy used to produce a unit of economic output) meant that global energy demand in 2010 was more than 20 percent lower than it otherwise would have been. The energy intensity of the global economy fell during the period from 10.2 to 7.9 megajoules per U.S. dollar (2005 dollars at PPP). The reduction was driven by cumulative improvements in energy efficiency, partially offset by growth in activity, resulting in energy savings of nearly 2,300 exajoules over the 20-year period. Doubling the rate of improvement of global energy efficiency is one of the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Launched in the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, SE4ALL calls on governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges, including energy efficiency, by 2030.

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    Authors: Girdis, Dean; Hoskote, Mangesh;

    This study reviews Malawi's policies in the biomass, rural electrification, and non-biomass renewable energy sub-sectors to identify problems and constraints to progress and to propose policies, initiatives, and institutional structures to overcome those problems and constraints. The main recommendations of this report to the Government of Malawi are as follows: 1) reform the present legislative and regulatory framework to permit and encourage local management of woodlands on a commercially viable and environmentally sustainable basis, 2) devolve the exclusive authority and responsibility for the exploitation and management of forest cover other than that pertaining to the gazetted forests (that is, forests that are assigned or marked out by the government) to the local rural population. 3) Provide real incentives (including penalties, where applicable) for private sector tree planting, in particular on the tobacco estates. 4) apply a stumpage fee system to achieve environmental (sustainable management) and energy policy (efficient conversion and end use) objectives. 5) create a regulatory and institutional framework within which private sector initiatives and large-scale rural electrification can proceed in a financially viable manner. 6) establish a mechanism for the provision of technical assistance, promotion, and support in cases where off-grid rural electrification is to be executed by the private sector. 7) create a mechanism for the cofinancing of rural electrification. 8) Create an enabling environment within which the development and dissemination of non-biomass renewable energy sources can be accelerated. 9) provide fiscal relief (for example, remove import tariffs, and provide preferential VAT treatment on renewable energy technology systems and their components) and other incentives for the use of renewable energy sources. And finally, 10) Where cost-effective, promote the use of renewable energy in rural electrification projects, and specifically in government-sponsored rural social investments in, for example, health and education.

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    Authors: Liu, Feng; Tromop, Robert;

    This guidance note, about Industrial energy efficiency is closely linked to the economic competitiveness of countries with significant manufacturing bases and to the energy security of countries that rely heavily on imported energy. For individual enterprises, improving energy efficiency strengthens the bottom line, often reducing direct energy costs by 10 to 30 percent Industry accounts for approximately 30 percent of global final energy consumption and a similar share of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Its total energy intensity could be reduced by about 25 percent by modernizing technology, particularly in developing countries. The main barriers to achieving broad energy efficiency gains are insufficient information; difficulty obtaining financing; and, in many developing countries, insufficient capacity for identifying, preparing, and delivering projects. A welldesigned national industrial energy efficiency program should include clear policy goals linked to tangible targets; a range of policy instruments to guide and encourage action; and measures to build implementation capacity and facilitate financing. The role of the government is to facilitate or even to mandate the removal of impediments to successful investment in energy efficiency. Carefully calibrated interventions can address local and global environmental concerns while generating social and economic benefits. Governments should take a leadership role by analyzing how energy drives productivity and how improvements in energy efficiency can increase the bottom line. Further information about this note can be seen here in : http://www.iipnetwork.org/IEE.

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    Authors: Iimi, Atsushi;

    Albania is among the most vulnerable countries to external energy shocks and climatic conditions, because of its high dependency on hydropower for electricity. Given highly volatile international energy prices and expected global warming, it is becoming increasingly important to manage the demand for electricity. However, the country has long been faced with a significant problem of electricity metering. About one-third of total energy is lost for technical and nontechnical reasons. This paper estimates the residential demand function by applying a two-stage system equation method for an endogenous censored variable, because the lack of metering makes the electricity consumption partially observable for the econometrician. It is found that metering is important to curb non-essential electricity use by households. The electricity demand could also be reduced by raising the first block rate and lowering the second block rate and the threshold between the two blocks. In addition, weather conditions and home appliance ownership would affect the demand for electricity. But the latter looks more influential than the former.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    The next several years are critical for achieving lasting results in China's relatively new energy efficiency program for public institutions. Public institutions in China are defined as those government agencies, public service units, and organizations that either fully or partially receive government budget funds. In the study team's opinion, key challenges for China's public institution energy conservation program for the medium-term might best be summarized to include the following four: (i) completing program institutional infrastructure, (ii) making further inroads in the huge task of completing energy use data collection and diagnostic analysis in China's many public entities, (iii) further improving incentives and generating greater enthusiasm among public entities for action, and (iv) expanding financing options for public entities, especially using energy performance contracting (EPC). Plans already exist to address the first two challenges and emphasis should be placed on quality of implementation. Efforts dealing with the third and fourth challenges, improving incentives and expanding use of energy performance contracting, also are parts of China's current agenda. Meeting these two challenges in particular will require creativity and development of new approaches. Consultation of international experience in these two areas may be particularly helpful, and this receives special focus in this report.

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    Authors: World Bank;

    Renewable energy and energy efficiency projects continue to perform strongly in the World Bank Group (WBG) energy portfolio and are increasingly being mainstreamed in the WBG's energy lending. In fiscal 2007 a total of US$1,433 million supported 63 renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in 32 countries. In addition to operational activities, the WBG engages in a variety of economic sector work and technical assistance focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency. This work is an integral part of the WBG activities, which is valued as an important source of information and advice for policy makers and other stakeholders. In addition, these activities are an important component in the preparation of future lending activities. The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a multi-donor trust-funded global technical assistance program that has reached its 25th anniversary. This program provides policy advice on sustainable energy development to governments of developing countries and economies in transition. The carbon finance project aims at promoting investments in wind energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to contribute to the further development of the international carbon market in Mexico through the supply of emissions reductions under the clean development mechanism and to improve energy security.

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    Authors: Figueres, Christiana; Philips, Michael;

    Improving energy efficiency (EE) is one of the most promising approaches for achieving cost-effective global greenhouse gases (GHG) reductions. However, it is severely underrepresented in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) portfolio. Just 10 percent of the emission reduction credits traded in the carbon market is from EE projects. In particular, small, dispersed, end-use EE measures-which entail significant GHG mitigation potential, along with other clear, local, and direct sustainable development benefits-have been largely bypassed by the carbon market. The modalities of traditional CDM have been set for individual, stand-alone, emission reduction projects that are implemented at a single point in time. While CDM rules allow "bundling" of several of these projects together for registration purposes, the specific sites where they will occur must be known ex-ante and they must all occur at the same point in time. These conditions generally cannot be met by most dispersed demand-side EE programs, whose emission reductions occur over a period of time and in numerous locations (households/industries/cities). In addition, participants in energy-efficiency programs may not be known at the outset because the program may depend on gradual take-up of incentives.

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