• Energy Research

msufbd As long as there are human-beings on the world, the need of energy will also exist. Energy still used today, has many forms. The most widely used form of energy in the world is electric power used in electric tools. Electric energy is not a transported material after generated that exist in nature such as many materials. Electrical energy must be stored or used immediately after production. The most widely used method of energy storage is chemical-based batteries. However, even with this method, small-scale energy can be stored. Therefore, other storage methods are being used to produce and use electrical energy regularly. This study provides information about these methods and discusses the best method of electrical energy storage for our country Dünya var oldukça insanoğlu enerjiye muhtaç olacaktır. Halen günümüzde kullanılan enerjinin birçok formu mevcuttur. Dünya üzerinde en çok kullanılan ve elektronik araçların çalıştırılmasında kullanılan enerji biçimi ise elektrik enerjisidir. Elektrik enerjisi doğada var olan birçok malzeme gibi üretildikten sonra taşınabilen bir materyal değildir. Elektrik enerjisinin üretildikten sonra depolanmasıya da hemen kullanılması gereklidir. Enerjinin depolanmasında en çok kullanılan yöntem kimyasal kökenli pillerle yapılmaktadır. Fakat bu yöntemle dahi küçük çaplı elektrik enerjisi depolanabilmektedir. Bu nedenle elektrik enerjisinin düzenli olarak üretiminin yapılabilmesi ve kullanılması için başka depolama myöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma o yöntemler hakkında bilgi vermekte ve ülkemiz açısından en iyi elektrik enerjisi depolama yöntemini tartışmaktadır. 209857

2020FEREC-STD-058 The source of all data required for this research was based on the employer’s facility and made up of information and measurements of a general nature. There were no potential ethical issues that arose from this research work. Care was taken to retain the name of the employer. This care was maintained throughout the analysis and write-up of the research project. The descriptions of certain features were done to conceal the employer’s identity, thus, preserving its power reticulation system. The research did not require highly specialised equipment which might pose a danger to the public, nor data collection that would infringe anyone’s rights under the Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act from the University or the employer.

A feasibility study of integration of DGs in power system network which is related with several protection and security challenges. The islanding detection is one of major problems, when the power grids' service is disconnected while the DGs are still in use. As a result of this phenomena, stability and power quality may worsen as the DGs may not be able to maintain voltage and frequency. The security of the utility employees may also be at risk during the islanding stage. Due to the harmful effects of unplanned islanding brought on by high DG penetration, therefore the solution is to have a connection to operate the micro grid system both grid connected and islanded modes of operation. In order to test the protection functioning of the micro grid system, a lab-scale protection test bench is set up at the CPUT CSAEMS laboratory utilizing a generator protection relay and test injection device.

Ukraine has introduced a quasi-competitive electric energy market of the European prototype, which has significant functioning defects. Correction of this model should take into account the requirements of the European cross-national legislation, peculiarities of the national energy system and the most successful experience in liberalization of electric energy markets of other world countries. The article proposes an alternative model of the competitive electric energy market of Ukraine, which provides for: introduction of exclusively organized form of electric energy trading over a long time interval; development of spot segments of the market through an effective combination of different trade mechanisms and pricing methods; development of the balancing management system on the basis of combined dispatching. The time market of electric energy is presented by the authors in the form of the market of financial derivatives for electric energy, which can either be converted into physical electric energy, or can be cascaded for shorter periods of time, or can become basis for financial settlements. The one day in advance market is divided in 3 sessions: the first two of which function at the declared prices, while the third one - at the margin prices. The intra-day market also operates on the basis of multi-session trade: it is proposed to introduce 6 intra-day auctions and continuous trade. The balancing market is represented by two segments: the balancing power market and the balancing energy market, which together allow to introduce combined dispatching in the energy system. The authors have identified significant advantages of this model compared to the existing one, which will ensure operational efficiency of the competitive electric energy market in Ukraine.

The energy balance of a commercial scale closed transplant production system was investigated to estimate the energy consumed by the system and to find the optimal strategies of environmental control of the system. The system consisted of a transportation/irrigation machine, four basic modules and thermal insulation wall. The basic module consisted of shelves, lamps, air conditioners, fans and a humidifier. Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Beniazuma) transplants were grown for 15 days under conditions of 140/200/320μmol m^s^ (1-5/6-11/12-15 days after planting, respectively) photosynthetic photon flux with 16h d^ photoperiod, 28℃ air temperature, 74% relative humidity and 990μmol mol^ CO_2 concentration in the system. The total electric energy consumed by the system during 15 days when four basic modules operated was 764 MJ m^. The system's lamps, air conditioners, fans, humidifiers and transportation/irrigation machine consumed 78.4%, 10.6%, 7.1%, 0.7-0x1.fbe9p+0nd 3.226662615000f the total electric energy consumed by the system, respectively. The electric energy cost per transplant, depending on the seasonal electric energy charge, was 2.5-2.6 Yen. The ratio of net chemical energy fixed by transplants to the total electric energy consumed by the system was estimated at 0.006 when the transplants grew normally. The coefficient of performance of the system was 8.0 and about 2 times higher than that described in the catalog of the air conditioner. The maximum percentage of heat energy transported by ventilation and penetrated through walls and floor to the cooling load of the system was estimated at 0.18-1228201088n summer and -25 139463720n winter.

Today, in order to meet the increasing energy needs, sustainable and renewable energy production methods are needed in addition to the existing energy sources. Especially taking into consideration the husbandry potential of our country, biogas and energy production through the use of animal waste have emerged as an efficient alternative of production. In this study, the amount of electrical energy that can be produced using cattle manure in the Isparta region was calculated. The husbandry data used in these calculations were obtained from the database of the Turkish Statistical Institute. The potential amount of manure that can be obtained from all of the cattle in the Isparta region was determined as 1,117,002.08 tons. The amount of existing potential manure that can be collected and used for electricity generation was determined as 558,501.03 tons. The amount of biogas to be obtained as a result of the use of animal manure in biogas plants was determined as 12,815,682.93 m3. The amount of electrical energy that can be produced by using the obtained biogas was calculated as 60,233.71 MW. This electrical energy, obtained as a result of the calculations, will be able to meet 6.00% of the electricity needs of Isparta Province annually.

Zbog sve većih potreba za električnom energijom u današnjici, javlja se i veća potreba za njenim boljim nadgledanjem i upravljanjem, te su za tu ulogu potrebna pametna brojila, koja se ujedno smatraju glavnim dijelom sustava pametnog mjerenja, odnosno pametnih mreža, koja su apsolutna nužnost za unapređivanje trenutnog elektroenergetskog sustava. U ovome radu je prikazan kratki razvoj brojila za električnu energiju, s time da su na značaj dana pametna brojila i njihova hardverska struktura. Opisane su i teorijske podloge potrebne za proračune električnih veličina u izmjeničnim krugovima, a zatim i sami proračuni pametnih brojila. Na kraju su prikazane i primjene pametnih brojila, koje direktno na uvid daju koliko su ona važna za potrebe modernoga društva. Because of greater demands for electric energy, there is also greater need for its better supervising and monitoring, for whose role we have smart meters, which are also considered main part of smart metering system, that is smart grids, which are absolute necessity in upgrading current electric energy system. In this thesis a short evolution of meters for electric energy is presented, with the emphasis on smart meters and their hardware structure. Theoretical basis needed for calculations of electric parameters in AC circuits is described, and afterwards the calculations needed for smart meters themselves. In the end we have shown the appliances of smart meters, which directly give us insight in how important they are for the needs of modern society.

The energy balance of a commercial scale closed transplant production system was investigated to estimate the energy consumed by the system and to find the optimal strategies of environmental control of the system. The system consisted of a transportation/irrigation machine, four basic modules and thermal insulation wall. The basic module consisted of shelves, lamps, air conditioners, fans and a humidifier. Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Beniazuma) transplants were grown for 15 days under conditions of 140/200/320μmol m^s^ (1-5/6-11/12-15 days after planting, respectively) photosynthetic photon flux with 16h d^ photoperiod, 28℃ air temperature, 74% relative humidity and 990μmol mol^ CO_2 concentration in the system. The total electric energy consumed by the system during 15 days when four basic modules operated was 764 MJ m^. The system's lamps, air conditioners, fans, humidifiers and transportation/irrigation machine consumed 78.4%, 10.6%, 7.1%, 0.7% and 3.2% of the total electric energy consumed by the system, respectively. The electric energy cost per transplant, depending on the seasonal electric energy charge, was 2.5-2.6 Yen. The ratio of net chemical energy fixed by transplants to the total electric energy consumed by the system was estimated at 0.006 when the transplants grew normally. The coefficient of performance of the system was 8.0 and about 2 times higher than that described in the catalog of the air conditioner. The maximum percentage of heat energy transported by ventilation and penetrated through walls and floor to the cooling load of the system was estimated at 0.18% in summer and -25% in winter.

The development of a competitive electric energy commodity market in Ukraine does not guarantee the creation of the necessary conditions for the security of electricity supply and the adequacy in developing the energy system. The conflict of commercial interests with the physical needs of the energy system causes the need to introduce the capacities market as a complementary segment to the electric energy commodity market. Ukraine has determined that the capacities market will function in the form of competitive procedures according to the targeted scope-oriented approach. Ukrainian capacities market has not yet been launched, but it is already possible to assume its potential ineffectiveness and inefficiency. Significant disadvantages of the electric energy cycle of Ukraine prove the insufficiency of a targeted approach to its organization. In addition, there are also pathological systemic problems with regard to the electrical energy industry of Ukraine (narrow diversification, inflexibility, heavy overtime load of power units, isolation and rapid development of renewable sources of electricity generation). The article proposes an alternative model of Ukrainian capacities market, which provides for: the organization of the balancing capacities market for the preliminary dispatching of both physical and commercial electric energy flows in the energy system; formation of the market of traditional capacities to ensure the adequacy of the development of the energy system; development of the market of alternative capacities for the integration of renewable electric energy generation, taking into account the requirements of flexibility of the energy system. The authors have identified significant advantages of this model compared to the proposed one, which will ensure operational security of electricity supplies and adequacy of the development of the energy system.