• Energy Research
• Bachelor thesis close

In Sweden district heating is the most common form of heating. Water is heated in a district heating plant and distributed through buried pipelines in the ground, also called the district heating network. A reliable energy model is considered to be a good and important tool for analysis of heat losses that occur in a district heating network when the hot water is distributed. Sandviken Energi’s control of the supply temperature is based today on a set control curve that takes into account what the outdoor temperature is. It was of interest to this study to compare this control with a simulated supply temperature and identify overtemperatures in Sandviken Energi’s district heating network in Sandviken. This was done on the basis of examining how different factors affected the heat demand. The influencing factors studied in the thesis were the following: outdoor temperature, month, time of day and wind speed. Measurement data on selected influencing factors were collected for the periods 2015 through 2019, analyzed and subdivided to see their effect on the heat load. From the subdivision of the factors, equations were extracted from the trend lines of their effect curves. The equations were used to create a simulations matrix for the control. A custom master equation simulated the ideal control based on the simulation matrix and the demands on influencing factors set by an example year. The ideal control was recalculated to an ideal supply temperature and then compared with the actual supply temperature. Together with a heat loss simulation in NetSim, which resulted in what energy saved per degree is worth, the savings potential could be calculated. The result shows that a saving potential of 261 MWh is possible to achieve by lowering the supply temperature to exclude excess temperatures in the district heating network, which is a decrease of about 1.8 % compared to the real year. This would correspond to a savings of about 70 000 SEK through a change in control. A reduced supply temperature will have a positive impact on the rest of the system, including reducing the return temperature, increasing the efficiency of flue gas condensation and boilers, and reducing emissions such as CO2, to name a few examples. I Sverige är fjärrvärme den vanligaste uppvärmningsformen. Vatten värms upp i en fjärrvärmeanläggning och distribueras genom nedgrävda rör i marken, också kallat fjärrvärmenätet. En tillförlitlig energimodell anses vara ett bra och viktigt hjälpmedel för analyser av värmeförluster som uppstår i ett fjärrvärmenät vid distribueringen av det heta vattnet. Sandviken Energis styrning av framledningstemperaturen sker idag utifrån en inställd styrkurva som tar hänsyn till vad det är för utetemperatur. Det var av intresse för studien att jämföra denna styrning med en simulerad framledningstemperatur och identifiera övertemperaturer i Sandviken Energis fjärrvärmenät i Sandviken. Detta gjordes utifrån att undersöka hur olika faktorer påverkade värmebehovet. De påverkande faktorer som studerats i detta examensarbete var följande: utetemperatur, månad, tid på dygnet och vindhastighet. Mätdata gällande valda påverkande faktorer hämtades för perioderna 2015 till och med 2019, analyserades och indelades för att se deras påverkan på värmelasten. Utifrån indelningen av faktorerna utvanns ekvationer från deras effektkurvors trendlinjer. Ekvationerna användes för att skapa en simuleringsmatris för styrningen. En egenskapad masterekvation simulerade den ideala styrningen utifrån simuleringsmatrisen och de krav på påverkande faktorer som ställs av ett exempel-år. Den ideala styrningen beräknades om till en ideal framledningstemperatur och jämfördes därefter med den verkliga framledningstemperaturen. Tillsammans med en värmeförlustsimulering i NetSim, som resulterade i vad sparad energi per grad är värd, kunde besparingspotentialen beräknas. Resultatet visar på att en besparingspotential på 261 MWh är möjlig att uppnå vid en sänkning av framledningstemperaturen för att utesluta övertemperaturer i fjärrvärmenätet, vilket är en minskning med ca 1,8 % jämfört med det verkliga året. Detta skulle motsvara en besparing på ca 70 000 SEK genom en förändring av styrningen. En minskad framledningstemperatur kommer påverka resten av systemet positivt, bland annat för att returtemperaturen kommer minska, rökgaskondenseringens och pannornas effektivitet öka samt minskade utsläpp i form av bland annat CO2, för att nämna några exempel.

The purpose of this report is to get an overview of the CO2 reduction possibilities when adopting different renewable energy source, when the case studied building sustains a district heating network connection and when not, and how the renewable energy source flexibilities (Solar and Wind) differ depending on region. The method regards a ETC house that falls into the climate positive category and assesses the reduction when comparing CO2 emissions form the energy demand. The result for the flexibilities is then compared to the BBR demand. The result shows a difference of around 10% in production for the flexibilities when comparing the northern and middle region with the southern. And a decrease between 19-36% gCO2. Comparing a scenario with and without a connection to the district heating network showed that when the ground source heat pump offsets the energy demand, CO2, and cost reductions (6 and 4% respectively) can be seen. With an average installation cost, the payback period for the ground source heat pump can be estimated to be around 4 year. In conclusion the thesis project shows that the climate is a ruling factor when assessing energy questions for the residential sector. It also shows the difference in CO2 and cost that comes with it can be reduced and help mitigated the sectors effects on the environment. This in turn shows that the overall reduction of CO2 for the case studied building follows the demands and goals set by the European commission and gives motivation to expand the construction as cost is also reduced.

A review of the efficiency of district heating network operation is based on the knowledge of the energy fluxes. To conduct a state analysis which would enable the determination of energy system deficiencies, it is necessary to develop a physical-mathematical model, and state analysis can then be conducted based on the obtained temperature and flow measurements. This part of the diploma thesis describes the method for setting up a model that will enable the analysis of the district heating system’s heat fluxes. Due to the complexity and the vast nature of such systems, modelling was performed using Microsoft Excel. We modelled the primary circuit of one district heating line in the Municipality of Ptuj. Such model development requires knowledge of the geometric characteristics of the pipeline, whereas the calculation is based on the heat transfer theory and fluid mechanics. The developed tool provides an insight into the flow and pressure situation of the primary circuit as well as the heat fluxes when the system is in steady state. The unsteady state of the system can be demonstrated by simulating a series of short steady-state sequences. The results of the method described in this part of the diploma thesis can then be used in an analysis to determine the weak points in the district heating system. In the scope of this diploma thesis, we were unfortunately unable to conduct this analysis due to the insufficient measurements and data available to us. Pregled učinkovitosti obratovanja sistemov daljinskega ogrevanja temelji na poznavanju energijskih tokov. Za izvedbo analize stanja, ki omogoča določitev pomanjkljivosti energetskega sistema, je treba najprej postaviti fizikalno–matematični model, analiza stanja pa se nato izvede na podlagi meritev temperatur in pretokov. V diplomskem delu je predstavljen način za postavitev modela, ki omogoča analizo toplotnih tokov na sistemu daljinskega ogrevanja. Zaradi kompleksnosti ter obsežne narave takšnih sistemov je bila modelacija izvedena s pomočjo programske opreme Microsoft Excel. Modeliran je bil primarni tokokrog ene veje daljinskega ogrevanja v Mestni občini Ptuj. Postavitev modela zahteva geometrijske lastnosti cevovoda, sam izračun pa temelji na teoriji prenosa toplote in mehanike tekočin. Izdelan program daje vpogled v pretočno–tlačne razmere primarnega tokokroga ter toplotne tokove v stacionarnem stanju sistema. Nestacionarno stanje sistema lahko upodobimo s simulacijo zaporedja kratkotrajnih stacionarnih sosledij. Na podlagi rezultatov metode opisane v tem delu lahko izvedemo analizo za določitev šibkih točk na sistemu daljinskega ogrevanja. V okviru tega diplomskega dela takšne analize toplotnih izgub žal nismo mogli izvesti, saj bi potrebovali več meritev in podatkov, kot smo jih imeli na razpolago.