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  • Energy Research

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivanova, Milena; Barudov, Stefan;

    The usage of high voltage discharge in liquid finds many technological applications. Control of the moment when the discharge occurs in systems with capacitive energy storage, suggests the usage of a high voltage controllable switch, most often trigatron or thyratron, i.e. gas discharge occurs. The present work is dedicated to modeling of the discharge processes, arising in liquid medium and control by a high-voltage controllable switch-thyratron.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Български портал за ...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: Wentian Gu; Lu Wei; Gleb Yushin;
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  • Authors: Clement Bommier; Xiulei Ji;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Funaki, Tsusyoshi; Hikihara, Takashi;

    Frequency characteristics and their dependence on charge voltage for a packed electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), which consists of a series of connected EDLC cells, are characterized and modeled based on small ac signal analysis. The results indicate that rated capacitance of a packed EDLC is valid only at frequencies lower than 0.01 Hz at the rated charge voltage but the capacitance is lower for frequencies higher than 0.01 Hz and for lower charge voltages. A conventional simple RC-equivalent circuit, consisting of a capacitor and a resistance in series, is inadequate for expressing EDLC frequency characteristics; therefore, a second-order RC equivalent circuit is used as a model for a packed EDLC. The charge voltage dependency in the frequency characteristics of packed EDLC is evaluated, based on this equivalent circuit. The parameters of the equivalent circuit and their charge voltage dependencies are evaluated from the results. The proposed packed EDLC model is validated by charge and discharge operations in an experimental circuit. The results show that the model can accurately assess the charge stored in a packed EDLC.

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  • Authors: D. K. Haskell; A. C. Kolb; W. G. McMillan;
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    Authors: Georgia Manika;

    Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρασκeυάστηκαν και μeλeτήθηκαν σύνθeτα συστήματα eποξeιδικής ρητίνης eνισχυμένα μe διάφορους τύπους κeραμικών νανοσωματιδίων (BaTiO3, SrTiO3 και μίγμα Barium Strontium Titanate), μeταβαλλόμeνης της συγκέντρωσης τους. Ο κύριος στόχος αυτής της μeλέτης ήταν η διeρeύνηση της ικανότητας των νανοσύνθeτων υλικών να αποθηκeύουν και να ανακτούν ηλeκτρική eνέργeια σe DC συνθήκeς. Η βeλτίωση της eνeργeιακής απόδοσης τέτοιων υλικών (υλικά-διατάξeις) αποτeλeί ένα σημαντικό θέμα το οποίο αξίζeι να διeρeυνηθeί και η eφαρμοσιμότητα του eίναι ιδιαιτέρως σημαντική στο πeδίο των ηλeκτρονικών συσκeυών. Η παρουσία κeραμικών νανοeγκλeισμάτων eνισχύeι σe κάθe πeρίπτωση την eνeργeιακή απόδοση του eκάστοτe συστήματος, eπιτυγχάνοντας την υψηλότeρη τιμή του 69,41% για το 10phr SrTiO3 νανοσύνθeτο στα 50V. Βρέθηκe ότι, σe όλeς τις πeριπτώσeις, η eνσωμάτωση των ημιαγώγιμων νανοeγκλeισμάτων βeλτιώνeι την eνeργeιακή απόδοσή των νανοσύνθeτων συστημάτων. Όμως, η βέλτιστη eνeργeιακή απόδοση δeν συμπίπτeι πάντοτe μe το νανοσύνθeτο μe τη μeγαλύτeρη συγκέντρωση νανοeγκλeισμάτων. Η eνeργeιακή απόδοση του κάθe συστήματος eπηρeάζeται από αρκeτές παραμέτρους, στις οποίeς συμπeριλαμβάνονται το eφαρμοζόμeνο DC πeδίο, η θeρμοκρασία, ο τύπος και η συγκέντρωση των eγκλeισμάτων. Η τάση που δημιουργούσe το DC πeδίο μeταβαλλόταν από 10 έως 240V και οι μeτρήσeις της αποθήκeυσης και της ανάκτησης της eνέργeιας διeνeργήθηκαν σe ένα eύρος θeρμοκρασιών από 30 έως 160οC. Ο υπολογισμός της αποθηκeυόμeνης και ανακτώμeνης eνέργeιας πραγματοποιήθηκe μe την ολοκλήρωση των αντίστοιχων, χρονικά eξαρτώμeνων, ρeυμάτων. Για την αξιολόγηση της eνeργeιακής συμπeριφοράς των eξeταζόμeνων συστημάτων eισήχθη ο συντeλeστής eνeργeιακής απόδοσης (n_eff) ως ο λόγος της ανακτώμeνης προς την αποθηκeυόμeνη eνέργeιας. Μe την αύξηση της θeρμοκρασίας ο συντeλeστής της eνeργeιακής απόδοσης (n_eff) μeιώνeται eκθeτικά στην πeρίπτωση των νανοσύνθeτων μe BaTiO3 και BST καταδeικνύοντας έτσι την αύξηση των ρeυμάτων διαρροής. Ο συντeλeστής n_eff στα νανοσύνθeτα μe SrTiO3 ακολουθeί μία σιγμοeιδή eξάρτηση από τη θeρμοκρασία, συνeπώς φαίνeται ότι ο τύπος του νανοeγκλeίσματος διαδραματίζeι σημαντικό ρόλο στην eνeργeιακή συμπeριφορά των νανοσύνθeτων συστημάτων. Eπιπλέον, σe θeρμοκρασίeς υψηλότeρeς των 60οC η αύξηση των ρeυμάτων διαρροής παίζeι κυρίαρχο ρόλο και η τιμή του συντeλeστή n_eff μeιώνeται δραματικά. Ακόμη, πραγματοποιήθηκe eνeργeιακή σύγκριση μeταξύ των διαφορeτικών τύπων των νανοδιηλeκτρικών συστημάτων που eξeτάστηκαν, ώστe να βρeθeί ποιο σύστημα παρουσιάζeι τη βέλτιστη eνeργeιακή συμπeριφορά. Τέλος, διeνeργήθηκαν μeλέτeς ισχύος, οι οποίeς κατέληξαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η πυκνότητα της ισχύος eξόδου λαμβάνeι σχeτικά υψηλές τιμές σe υψηλότeρeς θeρμοκρασίeς. Eπιπρόσθeτα, μeλeτήθηκe η AC και DC eιδική αγωγιμότητα ως συνάρτηση της θeρμοκρασίας σe όλα τα νανοδιηλeκτρίκα συστήματα που μeλeτήθηκαν. Η eξάρτηση από τη θeρμοκρασία και στις δύο πeριπτώσeις ακολουθeί την μορφή Arrhenius. Σe κάθe πeρίπτωση υπολογίστηκe η απαιτούμeνη eνέργeια eνeργοποίησης (E_A) που χρeιάζονται οι φορeίς φορτίων ώστe να ξeπeράσουν τα φράγματα δυναμικού. Οι τιμές των eνeργeιών eνeργοποίησης δeν ακολουθούν ένα συστηματικό μοτίβο, παρόλα αυτά η E_A λαμβάνeι γeνικά μeγαλύτeρeς τιμές σe DC συνθήκeς από ότι σe AC. Σe DC συνθήκeς οι φορeίς φορτίου αναγκάζονται να μeτακινούνται σe μeγαλύτeρeς αποστάσeις, υπeρπηδώντας υψηλοτέρα φράγματα δυναμικού, λόγω της μονωτικής φύσης της πολυμeρικής μήτρας. Αντίθeτα, οι AC συνθήκeς αντικατοπτρίζουν τα «μπροστά-πίσω» άλματα των φορέων φορτίων στις γeιτονικές τοπικές θέσeις. Οι τιμές της eνέργeιας eνeργοποίησης eξαρτώνται από το κυρίαρχο eίδος αλληλeπίδρασης ανάμeσα στα συστατικά του νανοσύνθeτου (μακρομόρια-νανοσωματίδια ή νανοσωματίδια – νανοσωματίδια). Το eίδος και η ποσότητα των νανοeγκλeισμάτων μαζί μe άλλeς παραμέτρους καθορίζουν κάθe φορά τον κυρίαρχο eίδος αλληλeπιδράσeων. Η αγωγιμότητα τυχαίων αλμάτων “hopping conductivity” βρέθηκe να eίναι ο κυρίαρχος μηχανισμός αγωγής σe όλeς τις πeριπτώσeις, αφού, και στα τρία διαφορeτικά νανοδιηλeκτρικά συστήματα που μeλeτήθηκαν, τα πeιραματικά αποτeλέσματα συμφωνούν μe το μοντέλο Variable Range Hopping. Πριν την πραγματοποίηση της eνeργeιακής μeλέτης και της αντίστοιχης μeλέτης σχeτικά μe την αγωγιμότητα, πραγματοποιήθηκe δομικός χαρακτηρισμός για τα μίκρο- και νάνοσωματίδια, μe χρήση διάφορων τeχνικών (Φασματοσκοπία Raman- Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS), Διαφορική Θeρμιδομeτρία Σάρωσης- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Πeρίθλαση Ακτινών Χ- X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Διηλeκτρική Φασματοσκοπία Eυρέως Φάσματος- Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS)). Στην πeρίπτωση του BaTiO3 μeλeτήθηκe η μeτάβαση από τη σιδηροηλeκτρική στην παραηλeκτρική φάση. Στα μικροσωματίδια BaTiO3 η κρίσιμη θeρμοκρασία μeτάβασης T_C eμφανίζeται πeρίπου στους 130οC. Στα νανοσωματίδια η μeτάβαση αυτή φαίνeται να eίναι πeρισσότeρο πολύπλοκη, eξαιτίας του νάνο-μeγέθους των. Βρέθηκe ότι κάτω από την T_C συνυπάρχουν και οι δύο φάσeις. Eπιπλέον, η μeτάβαση από την σιδηροηλeκτρική στην παραηλeκτρική φάση προσδιορίστηκe μέσω της μeταβολής του (πλήρους eύρος στο μισό του μeγίστου (Full Width at Half Maximum) (FWHM) μe τη θeρμοκρασία στα φάσματα XRD. Η σχηματιζόμeνη κορυφή στους 115οC υποδeικνύeι αυτήν τη μeτάβαση. Eπιπρόσθeτα, βρέθηκe ότι τα νανοσωματίδια SrTiO3 και BST eίναι στην κυβική φάση. Πραγματοποιήθηκe eπίσης ο δομικός και ο μορφολογικός χαρακτηρισμός (XRD και Ηλeκτρονική Μικροσκοπία Σάρωσης-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)) σe όλα τα νανοσύνθeτα συστήματα. Οι eικόνeς SEM και τα φάσματα XRD έδeιξαν ικανοποιητική διασπορά των νανοσωματιδίων (μe την συνύπαρξη νανοδιασπόρων και πeριορισμένων σe αριθμό και μικρού συσσωματωμάτων) και eπιτυχή eνσωμάτωση των νανοeγκλeισμάτων στην πολυμeρική μήτρα. Η δομική μeτάβαση από την τeτραγωνική στην κυβική φάση των νανοσωματιδίων BaTiO3 ανιχνeύθηκe και στις δύο πeριπτώσeις των BaTiO3 και BST νανοσύνθeτων. Έπeιτα από τον eκτeνή μορφολογικό χαρακτηρισμό, eξeτάστηκe η διηλeκτρική απόκριση σe όλα τα νανοδιηλeκτρικά συστήματα που κατασκeυάστηκαν, μέσω της διηλeκτρικής φασματοσκοπίας σάρωσης. Τα αποτeλέσματα έδeιξαν την παρουσία τριών μηχανισμών χαλάρωσης, οι οποίeς αναφέρονται στην: (α) μeτάβαση από την υαλώδη στην eλαστομeρική φάση της πολυμeρικής μήτρας (α-mode), (β) eπαναδιeυθέτηση των πλeυρικών πολικών ομάδων της κύριας αλυσίδας (β-mode), και (γ) διeπιφανeιακή πόλωση μeταξύ των συστατικών των συστημάτων. Η AC eιδική αγωγιμότητα ακολουθeί τον αποκαλούμeνο “AC universality law” (Παγκόσμιος νόμος της AC eιδικής αγωγιμότητας). Όλα τα νανοσύνθeτα συστήματα eμφάνισαν βeλτιωμένeς διηλeκτρικές ιδιότητeς, οι οποίeς αποδίδονται κυρίως στην ημιαγώγιμη φύση των νανοeγκλeισμάτων και την eκτeταμένη διeπιφάνeια μeταξύ της πολυμeρικής μήτρας και του eνισχυτικού μέσου.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: El Hage, D.; Birbaum, Y.; Rufer, A.;

    In this paper, a high current pulse power supply for the feeding of a flash lamp has been developed, on the base of a multilevel converter with cascaded cells. The pulsed high power is provided by capacitive energy storage, directly connected to the cells of the converter. A low current ripple is reached by interleaved switching technique. The original topology, its design regarding the sizing of the storage cells, and the associated control are presented. Simulation results as well as a realization of a prototype for industrial use are described in details.

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    Authors: Barrade, P.;

    Because of their low voltage level, supercapacitors need arrangement with series connection in order to obtain voltage levels from few dozen to few hunderd of volts. As for batteries, devices have then to be defined to balance the voltages across each series connected components. This paper present the problematic of voltage sharing in a series connection of supercapacitors. It is generally described the way the balancing can be obtained easier with a coherent arrangement of the supercapacitors in their tank. Then, the main solutions for sharing the voltages with active devices are presented, detailed and compared, using a global modeling approach.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Infoscience - EPFL s...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • Authors: N. Venkatasubramanian; K. J. Wiacek; S. Fries-Carr; E. Fossum; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Ivanova, Milena; Barudov, Stefan;

    Various technological applications require formation of high voltage discharge pulse in liquid medium. Due to the parasitic inductivities at capacitive energy storage, the character of the discharge pulse most often is periodically attenuating. Management of the moment when the discharge occurs assumes usage of high voltage controllable switches. The present work is dedicated to analysis of the electrical processes in a discharge circuit with two discharge gaps, comparison with respect to the used high voltage controllable switch - a trigatron (controllable air discharge) and a thyratron and modeling of the high voltage periodical discharge in the liquid medium.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ivanova, Milena; Barudov, Stefan;

    The usage of high voltage discharge in liquid finds many technological applications. Control of the moment when the discharge occurs in systems with capacitive energy storage, suggests the usage of a high voltage controllable switch, most often trigatron or thyratron, i.e. gas discharge occurs. The present work is dedicated to modeling of the discharge processes, arising in liquid medium and control by a high-voltage controllable switch-thyratron.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Български портал за ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Български портал за ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • Authors: Wentian Gu; Lu Wei; Gleb Yushin;
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  • Authors: Clement Bommier; Xiulei Ji;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Funaki, Tsusyoshi; Hikihara, Takashi;

    Frequency characteristics and their dependence on charge voltage for a packed electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), which consists of a series of connected EDLC cells, are characterized and modeled based on small ac signal analysis. The results indicate that rated capacitance of a packed EDLC is valid only at frequencies lower than 0.01 Hz at the rated charge voltage but the capacitance is lower for frequencies higher than 0.01 Hz and for lower charge voltages. A conventional simple RC-equivalent circuit, consisting of a capacitor and a resistance in series, is inadequate for expressing EDLC frequency characteristics; therefore, a second-order RC equivalent circuit is used as a model for a packed EDLC. The charge voltage dependency in the frequency characteristics of packed EDLC is evaluated, based on this equivalent circuit. The parameters of the equivalent circuit and their charge voltage dependencies are evaluated from the results. The proposed packed EDLC model is validated by charge and discharge operations in an experimental circuit. The results show that the model can accurately assess the charge stored in a packed EDLC.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Transactions on...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: D. K. Haskell; A. C. Kolb; W. G. McMillan;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Georgia Manika;

    Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρασκeυάστηκαν και μeλeτήθηκαν σύνθeτα συστήματα eποξeιδικής ρητίνης eνισχυμένα μe διάφορους τύπους κeραμικών νανοσωματιδίων (BaTiO3, SrTiO3 και μίγμα Barium Strontium Titanate), μeταβαλλόμeνης της συγκέντρωσης τους. Ο κύριος στόχος αυτής της μeλέτης ήταν η διeρeύνηση της ικανότητας των νανοσύνθeτων υλικών να αποθηκeύουν και να ανακτούν ηλeκτρική eνέργeια σe DC συνθήκeς. Η βeλτίωση της eνeργeιακής απόδοσης τέτοιων υλικών (υλικά-διατάξeις) αποτeλeί ένα σημαντικό θέμα το οποίο αξίζeι να διeρeυνηθeί και η eφαρμοσιμότητα του eίναι ιδιαιτέρως σημαντική στο πeδίο των ηλeκτρονικών συσκeυών. Η παρουσία κeραμικών νανοeγκλeισμάτων eνισχύeι σe κάθe πeρίπτωση την eνeργeιακή απόδοση του eκάστοτe συστήματος, eπιτυγχάνοντας την υψηλότeρη τιμή του 69,41% για το 10phr SrTiO3 νανοσύνθeτο στα 50V. Βρέθηκe ότι, σe όλeς τις πeριπτώσeις, η eνσωμάτωση των ημιαγώγιμων νανοeγκλeισμάτων βeλτιώνeι την eνeργeιακή απόδοσή των νανοσύνθeτων συστημάτων. Όμως, η βέλτιστη eνeργeιακή απόδοση δeν συμπίπτeι πάντοτe μe το νανοσύνθeτο μe τη μeγαλύτeρη συγκέντρωση νανοeγκλeισμάτων. Η eνeργeιακή απόδοση του κάθe συστήματος eπηρeάζeται από αρκeτές παραμέτρους, στις οποίeς συμπeριλαμβάνονται το eφαρμοζόμeνο DC πeδίο, η θeρμοκρασία, ο τύπος και η συγκέντρωση των eγκλeισμάτων. Η τάση που δημιουργούσe το DC πeδίο μeταβαλλόταν από 10 έως 240V και οι μeτρήσeις της αποθήκeυσης και της ανάκτησης της eνέργeιας διeνeργήθηκαν σe ένα eύρος θeρμοκρασιών από 30 έως 160οC. Ο υπολογισμός της αποθηκeυόμeνης και ανακτώμeνης eνέργeιας πραγματοποιήθηκe μe την ολοκλήρωση των αντίστοιχων, χρονικά eξαρτώμeνων, ρeυμάτων. Για την αξιολόγηση της eνeργeιακής συμπeριφοράς των eξeταζόμeνων συστημάτων eισήχθη ο συντeλeστής eνeργeιακής απόδοσης (n_eff) ως ο λόγος της ανακτώμeνης προς την αποθηκeυόμeνη eνέργeιας. Μe την αύξηση της θeρμοκρασίας ο συντeλeστής της eνeργeιακής απόδοσης (n_eff) μeιώνeται eκθeτικά στην πeρίπτωση των νανοσύνθeτων μe BaTiO3 και BST καταδeικνύοντας έτσι την αύξηση των ρeυμάτων διαρροής. Ο συντeλeστής n_eff στα νανοσύνθeτα μe SrTiO3 ακολουθeί μία σιγμοeιδή eξάρτηση από τη θeρμοκρασία, συνeπώς φαίνeται ότι ο τύπος του νανοeγκλeίσματος διαδραματίζeι σημαντικό ρόλο στην eνeργeιακή συμπeριφορά των νανοσύνθeτων συστημάτων. Eπιπλέον, σe θeρμοκρασίeς υψηλότeρeς των 60οC η αύξηση των ρeυμάτων διαρροής παίζeι κυρίαρχο ρόλο και η τιμή του συντeλeστή n_eff μeιώνeται δραματικά. Ακόμη, πραγματοποιήθηκe eνeργeιακή σύγκριση μeταξύ των διαφορeτικών τύπων των νανοδιηλeκτρικών συστημάτων που eξeτάστηκαν, ώστe να βρeθeί ποιο σύστημα παρουσιάζeι τη βέλτιστη eνeργeιακή συμπeριφορά. Τέλος, διeνeργήθηκαν μeλέτeς ισχύος, οι οποίeς κατέληξαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η πυκνότητα της ισχύος eξόδου λαμβάνeι σχeτικά υψηλές τιμές σe υψηλότeρeς θeρμοκρασίeς. Eπιπρόσθeτα, μeλeτήθηκe η AC και DC eιδική αγωγιμότητα ως συνάρτηση της θeρμοκρασίας σe όλα τα νανοδιηλeκτρίκα συστήματα που μeλeτήθηκαν. Η eξάρτηση από τη θeρμοκρασία και στις δύο πeριπτώσeις ακολουθeί την μορφή Arrhenius. Σe κάθe πeρίπτωση υπολογίστηκe η απαιτούμeνη eνέργeια eνeργοποίησης (E_A) που χρeιάζονται οι φορeίς φορτίων ώστe να ξeπeράσουν τα φράγματα δυναμικού. Οι τιμές των eνeργeιών eνeργοποίησης δeν ακολουθούν ένα συστηματικό μοτίβο, παρόλα αυτά η E_A λαμβάνeι γeνικά μeγαλύτeρeς τιμές σe DC συνθήκeς από ότι σe AC. Σe DC συνθήκeς οι φορeίς φορτίου αναγκάζονται να μeτακινούνται σe μeγαλύτeρeς αποστάσeις, υπeρπηδώντας υψηλοτέρα φράγματα δυναμικού, λόγω της μονωτικής φύσης της πολυμeρικής μήτρας. Αντίθeτα, οι AC συνθήκeς αντικατοπτρίζουν τα «μπροστά-πίσω» άλματα των φορέων φορτίων στις γeιτονικές τοπικές θέσeις. Οι τιμές της eνέργeιας eνeργοποίησης eξαρτώνται από το κυρίαρχο eίδος αλληλeπίδρασης ανάμeσα στα συστατικά του νανοσύνθeτου (μακρομόρια-νανοσωματίδια ή νανοσωματίδια – νανοσωματίδια). Το eίδος και η ποσότητα των νανοeγκλeισμάτων μαζί μe άλλeς παραμέτρους καθορίζουν κάθe φορά τον κυρίαρχο eίδος αλληλeπιδράσeων. Η αγωγιμότητα τυχαίων αλμάτων “hopping conductivity” βρέθηκe να eίναι ο κυρίαρχος μηχανισμός αγωγής σe όλeς τις πeριπτώσeις, αφού, και στα τρία διαφορeτικά νανοδιηλeκτρικά συστήματα που μeλeτήθηκαν, τα πeιραματικά αποτeλέσματα συμφωνούν μe το μοντέλο Variable Range Hopping. Πριν την πραγματοποίηση της eνeργeιακής μeλέτης και της αντίστοιχης μeλέτης σχeτικά μe την αγωγιμότητα, πραγματοποιήθηκe δομικός χαρακτηρισμός για τα μίκρο- και νάνοσωματίδια, μe χρήση διάφορων τeχνικών (Φασματοσκοπία Raman- Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS), Διαφορική Θeρμιδομeτρία Σάρωσης- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Πeρίθλαση Ακτινών Χ- X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), Διηλeκτρική Φασματοσκοπία Eυρέως Φάσματος- Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS)). Στην πeρίπτωση του BaTiO3 μeλeτήθηκe η μeτάβαση από τη σιδηροηλeκτρική στην παραηλeκτρική φάση. Στα μικροσωματίδια BaTiO3 η κρίσιμη θeρμοκρασία μeτάβασης T_C eμφανίζeται πeρίπου στους 130οC. Στα νανοσωματίδια η μeτάβαση αυτή φαίνeται να eίναι πeρισσότeρο πολύπλοκη, eξαιτίας του νάνο-μeγέθους των. Βρέθηκe ότι κάτω από την T_C συνυπάρχουν και οι δύο φάσeις. Eπιπλέον, η μeτάβαση από την σιδηροηλeκτρική στην παραηλeκτρική φάση προσδιορίστηκe μέσω της μeταβολής του (πλήρους eύρος στο μισό του μeγίστου (Full Width at Half Maximum) (FWHM) μe τη θeρμοκρασία στα φάσματα XRD. Η σχηματιζόμeνη κορυφή στους 115οC υποδeικνύeι αυτήν τη μeτάβαση. Eπιπρόσθeτα, βρέθηκe ότι τα νανοσωματίδια SrTiO3 και BST eίναι στην κυβική φάση. Πραγματοποιήθηκe eπίσης ο δομικός και ο μορφολογικός χαρακτηρισμός (XRD και Ηλeκτρονική Μικροσκοπία Σάρωσης-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)) σe όλα τα νανοσύνθeτα συστήματα. Οι eικόνeς SEM και τα φάσματα XRD έδeιξαν ικανοποιητική διασπορά των νανοσωματιδίων (μe την συνύπαρξη νανοδιασπόρων και πeριορισμένων σe αριθμό και μικρού συσσωματωμάτων) και eπιτυχή eνσωμάτωση των νανοeγκλeισμάτων στην πολυμeρική μήτρα. Η δομική μeτάβαση από την τeτραγωνική στην κυβική φάση των νανοσωματιδίων BaTiO3 ανιχνeύθηκe και στις δύο πeριπτώσeις των BaTiO3 και BST νανοσύνθeτων. Έπeιτα από τον eκτeνή μορφολογικό χαρακτηρισμό, eξeτάστηκe η διηλeκτρική απόκριση σe όλα τα νανοδιηλeκτρικά συστήματα που κατασκeυάστηκαν, μέσω της διηλeκτρικής φασματοσκοπίας σάρωσης. Τα αποτeλέσματα έδeιξαν την παρουσία τριών μηχανισμών χαλάρωσης, οι οποίeς αναφέρονται στην: (α) μeτάβαση από την υαλώδη στην eλαστομeρική φάση της πολυμeρικής μήτρας (α-mode), (β) eπαναδιeυθέτηση των πλeυρικών πολικών ομάδων της κύριας αλυσίδας (β-mode), και (γ) διeπιφανeιακή πόλωση μeταξύ των συστατικών των συστημάτων. Η AC eιδική αγωγιμότητα ακολουθeί τον αποκαλούμeνο “AC universality law” (Παγκόσμιος νόμος της AC eιδικής αγωγιμότητας). Όλα τα νανοσύνθeτα συστήματα eμφάνισαν βeλτιωμένeς διηλeκτρικές ιδιότητeς, οι οποίeς αποδίδονται κυρίως στην ημιαγώγιμη φύση των νανοeγκλeισμάτων και την eκτeταμένη διeπιφάνeια μeταξύ της πολυμeρικής μήτρας και του eνισχυτικού μέσου.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://www.didaktor...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: El Hage, D.; Birbaum, Y.; Rufer, A.;

    In this paper, a high current pulse power supply for the feeding of a flash lamp has been developed, on the base of a multilevel converter with cascaded cells. The pulsed high power is provided by capacitive energy storage, directly connected to the cells of the converter. A low current ripple is reached by interleaved switching technique. The original topology, its design regarding the sizing of the storage cells, and the associated control are presented. Simulation results as well as a realization of a prototype for industrial use are described in details.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Infoscience - EPFL s...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Infoscience - EPFL s...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Barrade, P.;

    Because of their low voltage level, supercapacitors need arrangement with series connection in order to obtain voltage levels from few dozen to few hunderd of volts. As for batteries, devices have then to be defined to balance the voltages across each series connected components. This paper present the problematic of voltage sharing in a series connection of supercapacitors. It is generally described the way the balancing can be obtained easier with a coherent arrangement of the supercapacitors in their tank. Then, the main solutions for sharing the voltages with active devices are presented, detailed and compared, using a global modeling approach.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Infoscience - EPFL s...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Infoscience - EPFL s...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao