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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gustavsson, Eva;
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jussila Hammes, Johanna;

    I mars 2013 lade regeringen fram ett förslag till ett nytt system för att öka användningen av biodrivmedel. Man föreslår en kvot för bensin och två kvoter för dieselbränslen, utan någon koppling mellan kvoterna. Förslaget omfattar inte alla biodrivmedel. Denna artikel visar att regeringens förslag varken är kostnadseffektivt, teknikneutralt eller ekologiskt hållbart och diskuterar vem som är vinnare och förlorare av förslaget. I artikeln skisseras även ett alternativt kostnadseffektivt system som bland annat möjliggör handel i biodrivmedelscertifikat.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Per;

    Biofuels in the transport sector have been known as alternatives to gasoline and diesel for a long period of time. However, the use of these fuels in significant amounts has only recently commenced. The development in Sweden can be traced to a desire to decrease oil dependency and emissions of green house gases. Biofuels have the potential to contribute to that these goals are met. Sweden's national goal 2003 concerning the use of biofuels was 3 percent of all fuels in the road transport sector. The actual use reached 2.5 percent. Within the EU the goal is set to 5.75 percent by the end of 2010. The biofuels that are most commonly discussed in national and international perspectives are reviewed in his report. The aim of the report is to provide an overview of trends, use and potentials for biofuels. A distinction is made between those biofuels that are commercially available today (first generation) and those that will be introduced in the future (second generation). First, a general overview of the fuels' production processes and properties is given, and then of production costs and lifecycle perspectives. Effects of biofuels on the environment are discussed and also use and potentials in Sweden, Europe and in the world.

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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika K.; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult. Energiproduktion ur vägar och vägmiljöer

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Forward, Sonja; Nyberg, Jonna; Forsberg, Inger; Nordström, Mattias; +3 Authors

    This project included three different studies with a view to providing an in-depth understanding of user needs and attitudes to alternative fuels and vehicles, such as: battery electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and cars using biogas. In addition the studies also examine attitudes to cars in general and climate change as well as exploring likely prospects for such cars in the future. The studies used three different methods; focus group, survey and interviews. The focus groups included six people, the survey 487 randomly selected road users and the interview study nine different stakeholders from government agencies, industry, branch organizations and the media. The results show that when purchasing a car safety and reliability are more important than the emission of CO2. The perception of cars powered by alternative fuels (electric, fuel cell, biogas), does not differ markedly. The price people are willing to pay for such a car is significantly lower than what these cars cost at present. In general, it could be argued that consumers want a car powered by alternative fuels to be similar or better than, a conventional car. The interview study also shows that politicians have an important role to play in the development of alternative fuels and the related infrastructure. According to the interviewees, the biggest challenge is not the technology, but rather how to provide an infrastructure for these vehicles. The industry is an important player who is willing to invest if the business can be profitable. Long-term is a keyword and is mentioned both in terms of policy instruments and information dissemination. In the latter case, since studies show that there are large gaps in the overall knowledge and understanding by the general public as well as considerable distrust of information presently available. Finally, the results also shows the need for a holistic approach where the focus is not only on fuel, but also on the development of attractive and accessible cities which reduce transport demand and provide for increased transport efficiency. I detta projekt ingick tre olika delstudier med syfte att tillhandahålla en fördjupad förståelse för användarnas behov av och inställning till bilar som drivs med alternativa drivmedel såsom, el, vätgas och biogas. Förutom detta undersöktes inställningen till bilar och klimatfrågor i allmänhet men också vilka förutsättningar man ser för olika bilar med alternativa drivmedel. De olika studierna använde sig av tre olika metoder; fokusgrupp, enkät och intervjuer. I fokusgrupperna ingick sex personer. I enkätstudien deltog 487 slumpmässigt utvalda trafikanter och i intervjustudien nio aktörer från myndigheter, branschorganisationer och media. Resultaten visar att vid köp av bil är säkerhet och tillförlitlighet viktigare än utsläppen av CO2. Synen på bilar som drivs med alternativa drivmedel (elbil, bränslecellsbil, biogasbil), skiljer sig inte markant åt. Priset man är villig att betala för en sådan bil är betydligt lägre än vad dessa bilar kostar i nuläget. Rent allmänt kan man hävda att konsumenterna vill att en bil som drivs med alternativa drivmedel liknar eller är bättre än en konventionell bil. Studien visar också att politiker har en avgörande roll för hur utvecklingen av framtida alternativa drivmedel och infrastruktur för sådana ska kunna utformas. Enligt de intervjuade är det största problemet inte tekniken utan hur man ska få till stånd en infrastruktur för dessa fordon, och att de kommer ut på marknaden. Näringslivet är en viktig aktör som är villiga att satsa om de kan se att verksamheten kan bli lönsam. Långsiktighet är ett nyckelord som nämns både då det gäller politiska beslut och informationsspridning. I det senare fallet eftersom studierna visar att det finns stora brister i kunskapen hos allmänheten samtidigt som det finns en misstro mot den information som sprids. Slutligen visar studierna att det behövs ett helhetsgrepp där fokus inte enbart ligger på bränslen utan även utvecklandet av attraktiva och tillgängliga städer.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika K; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult. Energiproduktion ur vägar och vägmiljöer

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitala Vetenskapli...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Hammarström, Ulf;
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    Authors: Jussila Hammes, Johanna;

    Konsumtionen av biodrivmedel måste öka på grund av EU:s förnybarhetsdirektiv. Johanna Jussila Hammes på VTI har studerat utformningen och kostnadseffektivitetsegenskaperna hos kvotpliktsystem för biodrivmedel genom att skapa en analytisk modell och studera tre olika sätt att formulera kvotpliktsystem under perfekt konkurrens. Systemets kostnadseffektivitet kan garanteras genom att tillåta handel i bildrivmedelscertifikat. Det är även möjligt att biogas kan användas för att öka systemets kostnadseffektivitet. Att ”dubbelräkna” vissa biodrivmedel gör det lättare att nå kvoten och sänker konsumentpriset av drivmedel, men ger inget stöd för de dubbelräknade biodrivmedlen. Bränslekvalitetsnormer kan leda till att kvotpliktsystemet inte kan bli kostnadseffektivt, vilket möjligtvis kan åtgärdas om höginblandade biodrivmedel räknas mot kvotuppfyllelse. I tidigare studier visas hur ett kvotpliktsystem och ett undantag från bränsleskatten för biodrivmedel utgör en subvention till konsumtion av alla drivmedel. Utifrån denna analys rekommenderar Johanna Jussila Hammes att skatteundantag för de drivmedel som ingår i kvotpliktsystemet inte ska medges. Givet att antalet företag i den fossila och i biodrivmedelsbranschen är ungefär lika, och kvotplikten inte alltför strikt, kommer kvotpliktsystemet att minska företagens marknadsmakt, jämfört med en marknad utan kvotplikt. Samma resultat gäller certifikatmarknaden, där handel i certifikaten ökar välfärden även i närvaro av marknadsmakt. Johanna Jussila Hammes avslutar rapporten med en kort litteraturöversikt över direkta och indirekta förändringar i markanvändning samt biodrivmedlens påverkan på matpriset. The EU's renewables directive requires that the consumption of biofuels must increase. In a VTI report Johanna Jussila Hammes studies the design of a biofuels quota system and its cost effectiveness with the help of an analytic model on three different ways to formulate a quota. The quota system will be cost effective if trade in biofuels certificates is allowed. It is also possible to use biogas in order to increase the system's cost effectiveness. "Double counting" some biofuels will make it easier to reach the quota and lowers the consumer price of fuels, but will not provide any support for the doubly counted biofuels. Fuel quality requirements can reduce the cost effectiveness of the system. This may be helped if biofuels in high concentrations also can be counted towards the quota. De Gorter and Just (2009) show how a biofuels quota in conjunction with a tax rebate to biofuels constitutes a subvention to the consumption of all fuels. For this reason, we recommend that no tax rebate will be given to biofuels included in a quota system. Given that the number of firms in the fossil fuel and the biofuels sectors are about the same, and that the quota is not very strict, the quota system will reduce eventual market power. The same result applies to the biofuel certificate market, where trade in the certificates increases welfare even in the presence of market power. Johanna Jussila Hammes ends with a short literature overview of the direct and the indirect land use change, and of the effect of biofuels on the price of food.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Lina;

    The Swedish diesel market is dominated by a fuel quality that differs in several aspects from the fuel quality that is used in the rest of Europe. The Swedish fuel quality was introduced in 1991 as a fuel designed to reduce both regulated and unregulated emissions compared to the standard European diesel. Since then the gap between Swedish fuel and the standard European fuel quality has diminished as the European diesel has improved. This study examines the remaining differences in exhaust emissions between the two fuel qualities, and values the difference in emissions using the official Swedish values for air pollutants in the transport sector. Information on exhaust emissions from heavy duty diesel engines is taken from a literature study. The results show that the use of standard European diesel (EN590) instead of the Swedish fuel quality (MK1) gives rise to extra emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to a value of 10–19 öre (1–2 eurocent) per liter diesel for heavy vehicles meeting Euro IV or V requirements. For vehicles meeting only Euro III requirements the extra emissions of nitrogen oxides are valued to 19–29 öre (2–3 eurocent) per liter diesel. EN590 also gives rise to more emissions of particulate matter (PM). The valuation of particulate matter depends on the size of the population living in the area where the vehicle is driven. For a heavy vehicle meeting Euro IV or V requirements driven in a small town like Laholm the extra emissions from EN590 is valued to a maximum of 5 öre (0,5 eurocent) while the extra emissions from the same vehicle driven in the inner city of Stockholm is valued up to 52 öre (5 eurocent) per liter diesel. For vehicles only meeting Euro III requirements the extra cost from EN590 is even larger. Over time as old and dirty vehicles are replaced by new vehicles meeting harder emission requirements the advantage of MK1 over EN590 will diminish. For private cars the difference in emissions is also most probably smaller than between the heavy vehicles that are analyzed in this study due to lower emissions per liter diesel. Den svenska miljöklassningen av diesel innebär att diesel som uppfyller villkoren för miljöklass 1 beskattas med en energiskatt som är 40 öre lägre per liter bränsle än diesel som hamnar i miljöklass 3. Miljöklass 1-dieseln har något högre tillverkningskostnader än den så kallade Europadieseln som inte uppfyller villkoren för miljöklass 1, dock lägre än skatteskillnaden på 40 öre. Detta gör att miljöklass 1-dieseln blir billigare i konsumentledet och den svenska dieselmarknaden domineras helt och hållet av miljöklass 1-diesel. Sverige är i princip det enda land som använder diesel av miljöklass 1-kvalité och i övriga Europa dominerar den så kallade Europadieseln. Det finns dokumenterade skillnader i utsläpp av ett flertal ämnen mellan de båda dieselkvalitéerna, i de flesta men inte alla fall till miljöklass 1-dieselns fördel. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) har i denna promemoria på uppdrag av Statoil värderat uppmätta utsläppsskillnader för tunga fordon i samhällsekonomiska termer. Uppgifter om utsläpp hämtas från en rapport skriven av AVL på uppdrag av Trafikverket. Denna rapport sammanfattar mätningar som gjorts under perioden 2003–2008. Efter denna period har specifikationerna för såväl miljöklass 1-diesel och så kallad Europadiesel förändrats och därmed förmodligen även utsläppsegenskaperna. Föreliggande studie baseras på de tidigare gjorda mätningarna som således gjorts med de tidigare specifikationerna av diesel. För värderingen används i huvudsak de officiella kalkylvärdena för luftföroreningar i transportsektorn, de så kallade ASEK-värdena.

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    Authors: Gustavsson, Eva;
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    Authors: Jussila Hammes, Johanna;

    I mars 2013 lade regeringen fram ett förslag till ett nytt system för att öka användningen av biodrivmedel. Man föreslår en kvot för bensin och två kvoter för dieselbränslen, utan någon koppling mellan kvoterna. Förslaget omfattar inte alla biodrivmedel. Denna artikel visar att regeringens förslag varken är kostnadseffektivt, teknikneutralt eller ekologiskt hållbart och diskuterar vem som är vinnare och förlorare av förslaget. I artikeln skisseras även ett alternativt kostnadseffektivt system som bland annat möjliggör handel i biodrivmedelscertifikat.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Per;

    Biofuels in the transport sector have been known as alternatives to gasoline and diesel for a long period of time. However, the use of these fuels in significant amounts has only recently commenced. The development in Sweden can be traced to a desire to decrease oil dependency and emissions of green house gases. Biofuels have the potential to contribute to that these goals are met. Sweden's national goal 2003 concerning the use of biofuels was 3 percent of all fuels in the road transport sector. The actual use reached 2.5 percent. Within the EU the goal is set to 5.75 percent by the end of 2010. The biofuels that are most commonly discussed in national and international perspectives are reviewed in his report. The aim of the report is to provide an overview of trends, use and potentials for biofuels. A distinction is made between those biofuels that are commercially available today (first generation) and those that will be introduced in the future (second generation). First, a general overview of the fuels' production processes and properties is given, and then of production costs and lifecycle perspectives. Effects of biofuels on the environment are discussed and also use and potentials in Sweden, Europe and in the world.

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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika K.; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult. Energiproduktion ur vägar och vägmiljöer

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    Authors: Forward, Sonja; Nyberg, Jonna; Forsberg, Inger; Nordström, Mattias; +3 Authors

    This project included three different studies with a view to providing an in-depth understanding of user needs and attitudes to alternative fuels and vehicles, such as: battery electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and cars using biogas. In addition the studies also examine attitudes to cars in general and climate change as well as exploring likely prospects for such cars in the future. The studies used three different methods; focus group, survey and interviews. The focus groups included six people, the survey 487 randomly selected road users and the interview study nine different stakeholders from government agencies, industry, branch organizations and the media. The results show that when purchasing a car safety and reliability are more important than the emission of CO2. The perception of cars powered by alternative fuels (electric, fuel cell, biogas), does not differ markedly. The price people are willing to pay for such a car is significantly lower than what these cars cost at present. In general, it could be argued that consumers want a car powered by alternative fuels to be similar or better than, a conventional car. The interview study also shows that politicians have an important role to play in the development of alternative fuels and the related infrastructure. According to the interviewees, the biggest challenge is not the technology, but rather how to provide an infrastructure for these vehicles. The industry is an important player who is willing to invest if the business can be profitable. Long-term is a keyword and is mentioned both in terms of policy instruments and information dissemination. In the latter case, since studies show that there are large gaps in the overall knowledge and understanding by the general public as well as considerable distrust of information presently available. Finally, the results also shows the need for a holistic approach where the focus is not only on fuel, but also on the development of attractive and accessible cities which reduce transport demand and provide for increased transport efficiency. I detta projekt ingick tre olika delstudier med syfte att tillhandahålla en fördjupad förståelse för användarnas behov av och inställning till bilar som drivs med alternativa drivmedel såsom, el, vätgas och biogas. Förutom detta undersöktes inställningen till bilar och klimatfrågor i allmänhet men också vilka förutsättningar man ser för olika bilar med alternativa drivmedel. De olika studierna använde sig av tre olika metoder; fokusgrupp, enkät och intervjuer. I fokusgrupperna ingick sex personer. I enkätstudien deltog 487 slumpmässigt utvalda trafikanter och i intervjustudien nio aktörer från myndigheter, branschorganisationer och media. Resultaten visar att vid köp av bil är säkerhet och tillförlitlighet viktigare än utsläppen av CO2. Synen på bilar som drivs med alternativa drivmedel (elbil, bränslecellsbil, biogasbil), skiljer sig inte markant åt. Priset man är villig att betala för en sådan bil är betydligt lägre än vad dessa bilar kostar i nuläget. Rent allmänt kan man hävda att konsumenterna vill att en bil som drivs med alternativa drivmedel liknar eller är bättre än en konventionell bil. Studien visar också att politiker har en avgörande roll för hur utvecklingen av framtida alternativa drivmedel och infrastruktur för sådana ska kunna utformas. Enligt de intervjuade är det största problemet inte tekniken utan hur man ska få till stånd en infrastruktur för dessa fordon, och att de kommer ut på marknaden. Näringslivet är en viktig aktör som är villiga att satsa om de kan se att verksamheten kan bli lönsam. Långsiktighet är ett nyckelord som nämns både då det gäller politiska beslut och informationsspridning. I det senare fallet eftersom studierna visar att det finns stora brister i kunskapen hos allmänheten samtidigt som det finns en misstro mot den information som sprids. Slutligen visar studierna att det behövs ett helhetsgrepp där fokus inte enbart ligger på bränslen utan även utvecklandet av attraktiva och tillgängliga städer.

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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika K; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult.

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    Authors: Jägerbrand, Annika; Hellman, Fredrik;

    Rapportens syfte är att kartlägga nya energitekniker för energiutvinning och möjligheten att använda dem i väg- och vägmiljöområden. Kartläggningen fokuserar på material och metoder som kan komma att användas under svenska (kalla) förhållanden. Rapporten kan vara användbar för planering av ny infrastruktur då man vill använda sig av förnyelsebar energi under nordiska kalla förhållanden och man vill minska miljöbelastningen. Den kan också utgöra stöd för prioriteringen av Trafikverkets framtida forskningsprojekt. Med dagens tekniska förutsättningar kan följande tekniker vara aktuella: Solceller i till exempel bullerskydd, solceller i väg, geotermisk energi, piezoelektrisk teknik, vindenergi och bioenergi. Det finns dock många faktorer som håller tillbaka utvecklingen av nya innovativa system för energiutvinning. Några viktiga orsaker är exempelvis att underhållskostnaderna kan öka eller att underhållet av vägen försvåras. The report aims to identify new technologies for energy harvesting and the ability to use them in the road and the surrounding road area. The survey focuses on the materials and methods that may be used in the Swedish (cold) climate. The report can be useful for planning of new infrastructure when you want to make use of renewable energy and wants to reduce the environmental impact. Considering today’s technological conditions, the following techniques may be relevant: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, piezoelectric technology, wind energy or bioenergy. There are, however, many factors holding back the development of new innovative systems for energy production in roads and their environment. Some important factors are for example that maintenance costs will increase or that the maintenance of the road will become more difficult. Energiproduktion ur vägar och vägmiljöer

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    Authors: Hammarström, Ulf;
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    Authors: Jussila Hammes, Johanna;

    Konsumtionen av biodrivmedel måste öka på grund av EU:s förnybarhetsdirektiv. Johanna Jussila Hammes på VTI har studerat utformningen och kostnadseffektivitetsegenskaperna hos kvotpliktsystem för biodrivmedel genom att skapa en analytisk modell och studera tre olika sätt att formulera kvotpliktsystem under perfekt konkurrens. Systemets kostnadseffektivitet kan garanteras genom att tillåta handel i bildrivmedelscertifikat. Det är även möjligt att biogas kan användas för att öka systemets kostnadseffektivitet. Att ”dubbelräkna” vissa biodrivmedel gör det lättare att nå kvoten och sänker konsumentpriset av drivmedel, men ger inget stöd för de dubbelräknade biodrivmedlen. Bränslekvalitetsnormer kan leda till att kvotpliktsystemet inte kan bli kostnadseffektivt, vilket möjligtvis kan åtgärdas om höginblandade biodrivmedel räknas mot kvotuppfyllelse. I tidigare studier visas hur ett kvotpliktsystem och ett undantag från bränsleskatten för biodrivmedel utgör en subvention till konsumtion av alla drivmedel. Utifrån denna analys rekommenderar Johanna Jussila Hammes att skatteundantag för de drivmedel som ingår i kvotpliktsystemet inte ska medges. Givet att antalet företag i den fossila och i biodrivmedelsbranschen är ungefär lika, och kvotplikten inte alltför strikt, kommer kvotpliktsystemet att minska företagens marknadsmakt, jämfört med en marknad utan kvotplikt. Samma resultat gäller certifikatmarknaden, där handel i certifikaten ökar välfärden även i närvaro av marknadsmakt. Johanna Jussila Hammes avslutar rapporten med en kort litteraturöversikt över direkta och indirekta förändringar i markanvändning samt biodrivmedlens påverkan på matpriset. The EU's renewables directive requires that the consumption of biofuels must increase. In a VTI report Johanna Jussila Hammes studies the design of a biofuels quota system and its cost effectiveness with the help of an analytic model on three different ways to formulate a quota. The quota system will be cost effective if trade in biofuels certificates is allowed. It is also possible to use biogas in order to increase the system's cost effectiveness. "Double counting" some biofuels will make it easier to reach the quota and lowers the consumer price of fuels, but will not provide any support for the doubly counted biofuels. Fuel quality requirements can reduce the cost effectiveness of the system. This may be helped if biofuels in high concentrations also can be counted towards the quota. De Gorter and Just (2009) show how a biofuels quota in conjunction with a tax rebate to biofuels constitutes a subvention to the consumption of all fuels. For this reason, we recommend that no tax rebate will be given to biofuels included in a quota system. Given that the number of firms in the fossil fuel and the biofuels sectors are about the same, and that the quota is not very strict, the quota system will reduce eventual market power. The same result applies to the biofuel certificate market, where trade in the certificates increases welfare even in the presence of market power. Johanna Jussila Hammes ends with a short literature overview of the direct and the indirect land use change, and of the effect of biofuels on the price of food.

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    Authors: Jonsson, Lina;

    The Swedish diesel market is dominated by a fuel quality that differs in several aspects from the fuel quality that is used in the rest of Europe. The Swedish fuel quality was introduced in 1991 as a fuel designed to reduce both regulated and unregulated emissions compared to the standard European diesel. Since then the gap between Swedish fuel and the standard European fuel quality has diminished as the European diesel has improved. This study examines the remaining differences in exhaust emissions between the two fuel qualities, and values the difference in emissions using the official Swedish values for air pollutants in the transport sector. Information on exhaust emissions from heavy duty diesel engines is taken from a literature study. The results show that the use of standard European diesel (EN590) instead of the Swedish fuel quality (MK1) gives rise to extra emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to a value of 10–19 öre (1–2 eurocent) per liter diesel for heavy vehicles meeting Euro IV or V requirements. For vehicles meeting only Euro III requirements the extra emissions of nitrogen oxides are valued to 19–29 öre (2–3 eurocent) per liter diesel. EN590 also gives rise to more emissions of particulate matter (PM). The valuation of particulate matter depends on the size of the population living in the area where the vehicle is driven. For a heavy vehicle meeting Euro IV or V requirements driven in a small town like Laholm the extra emissions from EN590 is valued to a maximum of 5 öre (0,5 eurocent) while the extra emissions from the same vehicle driven in the inner city of Stockholm is valued up to 52 öre (5 eurocent) per liter diesel. For vehicles only meeting Euro III requirements the extra cost from EN590 is even larger. Over time as old and dirty vehicles are replaced by new vehicles meeting harder emission requirements the advantage of MK1 over EN590 will diminish. For private cars the difference in emissions is also most probably smaller than between the heavy vehicles that are analyzed in this study due to lower emissions per liter diesel. Den svenska miljöklassningen av diesel innebär att diesel som uppfyller villkoren för miljöklass 1 beskattas med en energiskatt som är 40 öre lägre per liter bränsle än diesel som hamnar i miljöklass 3. Miljöklass 1-dieseln har något högre tillverkningskostnader än den så kallade Europadieseln som inte uppfyller villkoren för miljöklass 1, dock lägre än skatteskillnaden på 40 öre. Detta gör att miljöklass 1-dieseln blir billigare i konsumentledet och den svenska dieselmarknaden domineras helt och hållet av miljöklass 1-diesel. Sverige är i princip det enda land som använder diesel av miljöklass 1-kvalité och i övriga Europa dominerar den så kallade Europadieseln. Det finns dokumenterade skillnader i utsläpp av ett flertal ämnen mellan de båda dieselkvalitéerna, i de flesta men inte alla fall till miljöklass 1-dieselns fördel. Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) har i denna promemoria på uppdrag av Statoil värderat uppmätta utsläppsskillnader för tunga fordon i samhällsekonomiska termer. Uppgifter om utsläpp hämtas från en rapport skriven av AVL på uppdrag av Trafikverket. Denna rapport sammanfattar mätningar som gjorts under perioden 2003–2008. Efter denna period har specifikationerna för såväl miljöklass 1-diesel och så kallad Europadiesel förändrats och därmed förmodligen även utsläppsegenskaperna. Föreliggande studie baseras på de tidigare gjorda mätningarna som således gjorts med de tidigare specifikationerna av diesel. För värderingen används i huvudsak de officiella kalkylvärdena för luftföroreningar i transportsektorn, de så kallade ASEK-värdena.

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