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This research aims to determine the effect of the lighting smart controls in the energy consumption in buildings, according to the geometry of the room, the window size, the reflectance of the inner surfaces and the location of study. For this purpose, two lighting smart controls are proposed: one based in an On/Off lighting control with separated lines and other with a dimming control. The analysis of both control systems is carried out by using daylight dynamic metrics, such as the daylight autonomy and the continuous daylight autonomy. The results quantify the effect of the architectural variables of the room in the performance of the lighting smart controls.

[ES] El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Máster (TFM) es analizar diferentes instalaciones reales en las que se ha implementado una rehabilitación mediante la integración de un sistema de climatización geotérmica con el objetivo de evaluar sus prestaciones en términos de eficiencia y viabilidad. Este estudio se enmarca en el proyecto europeo GEO4CIVHIC, perteneciente al programa Horizonte 2020, cuyo objetivo es acelerar el despliegue de sistemas geotérmicos someros para calefacción y refrigeración en la rehabilitación de edificios existentes e históricos. En primer lugar, se realiza una introducción sobre la energía geotérmica y su uso en el panorama europeo, seguido de una presentación más detallada sobre las soluciones innovadoras desarrolladas en el proyecto GEO4CIVHIC. A continuación, se presenta una visión general de los emplazamientos de demostración estudiados, con sus características estructurales y sus diseños de climatización antes y después de la rehabilitación. Para lograr la evaluación de la eficiencia y la viabilidad, se definen los Indicadores Clave de Rendimiento (KPI, de sus siglas en inglés), determinando diferentes capas jerárquicas, empezando por la de datos brutos, seguida de los datos de información intermedia y terminando con la capa de conocimiento. Esta última permite la comparación y análisis entre los resultados obtenidos y las características comunes sobre las aplicaciones geotérmicas. El núcleo de la tesis consiste en desarrollar un código mediante Matlab que descargue los datos brutos de los diferentes emplazamientos reales de demostración y, posteriormente, los trate y analice de acuerdo con los KPI definidos. Los resultados de eficiencia y viabilidad obtenidos a partir de estos cálculos se compararán con la hipótesis inicial para comprender mejor el resultado de las tecnologías implantadas y su evolución futura en el panorama europeo. [EN] The objective of this Master¿s thesis is to analyse different real demonstration sites in which is present an integration of geothermal installations and retrofitting solutions with the objective of evaluating their performances in terms of efficiency and viability. This study is involved in the GEO4CIVHIC project, part of the Horizon 2020 program, which aims to accelerate the deployment of shallow geothermal systems for heating and cooling in retrofitting existing and historic buildings. At the beginning is performed an introduction about geothermal energy and its use in the European scene, followed by a more detailed presentation about the innovative solutions exploited in the GEO4CIVHIC project. Then, an overview of the real demonstration sites studied is reported, containing their structural characteristics and plants installed before and after the retrofitting. To achieve efficiency and viability evaluation, the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are defined, determining different hierarchical layers, starting from the raw data one, passing through the intermediate information one, and ending up with the knowledge one. This latter permits the comparison between the results calculated and the common knowledge about geothermal applications. The core of the thesis is represented by the writing of a code using Matlab with the aim of downloading raw data from the different real demonstration sites and, subsequently, converting and analysing them according to the KPIs defined. The efficiency and viability results obtained from these calculations will be compared with the initial hypothesis to understand better the outcome of the technologies implemented and their future developments in the European scene.

Abstract The scarcity of water experienced in Almeria (south-eastern Spain), and in Mediterranean countries generally, has the potential to compromise one of its main economic drivers – agriculture. A possible solution is to combine thermal desalination technologies with crop cultivation. Accordingly, this paper proposes a distributed model predictive controller for the efficient operation of a distributed energy system comprising a solar-powered membrane distillation facility and a greenhouse, which is the most widespread type of crop cultivation in this region. The controller is in charge of calculating the optimal feed flow rates for each of the membrane distillation modules included in the desalination facility, according to the water requirements of the greenhouse and the thermal energy consumption of the membrane distillation plant (one of the main weak points of the technology). Simulation results using models for two real facilities located in Almeria are presented; they show how the proposed distributed approach is able to manage industrial-scale plants in an optimal way. In addition, automatic operation is compared with manual operation (a non-optimal one), showing that the operation’s thermal efficiency can be improved by 5 % when applying the proposed technique, while satisfying the water demand. This means important thermal energy savings of around 50 MWh/season less thermal energy consumption for an 8 ha cultivation area.

The presence of IgG over the hepatocyte's surfaces in ethanol- and/or carbon tetrachloride-pretreated rats was demonstrated as a very thin lineal fluorescent deposition around the membrane. The percentage of parenchymal IgG-positive liver cells ranged between 15 and 100% in all animals of treated groups. This suggests that ethanol may induce hepatic injury mediated by IgG autoantibodies which may be a response to an antigenical determinant present in hepatocytes altered by ethanol and/or carbon tetrachloride treatment.

therefore, the target of this study is to examine the effects of enhancing the efficiency of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of Jordanian residential structures. This research proposes the hypothesis that the WWR of residential structures that contain artificial lighting systems with increased efficiency will be lower than buildings in which solar lighting is provided. The energy simulation tool, DesignBuilder (DesignBuilder Software Ltd, Stroud, UK) was used to simulate an intricate model showing a standard Jordanian residential building with a size of 130 m2. The study offers useful guidance regarding the optimum WWR for key decisionmakers when designing energy-efficient residential structures in the context of Jordan. By considering the balance between gains and losses in solar heat and light gain to exploit energy from solar sources with no reverse effects, while making comparisons between different WWR situations, the findings indicate that the typical WWR for residential structures in Jordan that have efficient Light Emitting Diode (LED) systems of lighting installed could be between 25% and 30%, which is lower than the highest WWR stipulated by the ASHRAE standards. Energy savings gained through natural lighting could be offset by the loss of energy through windows

Monthly, seasonal and annual temperature trends between 1961 and 2010, as well as in the periods 1961-1978, 1979-1993 and 1994-2010 over continental Spain have been calculated in this work, according to the 144 thermopluviometric stations data widespread throughout the territory. The magnitude and sign of the trends have been evaluated with the Sen’s slope estimator and their statistical significances have been determined with the non parametric test of Mann-Kendall. As the main result, it has been confirmed what many other authors have already pointed out: a general increase in temperature (monthly, seasonal and annual) in Spain over the last 50 years, especially in March and summer months and, therefore, spring and summer. By and large, a substantial decrease in some monthly, seasonal and annual mean temperature as well as in continentality has been found in the cycle 1961-1978. In addition, the period 1979-1993 is characterized by statistically non significant increases in tempe¬rature trends (except July, August and spring with significant increases) and the lack of pattern in annual mean temperature, mean¬while a decrease in temperature only significant in March and winter over the period 1994-2010 has been observed in some Spanish areas. We thank as well Universidad de León for financing the David Ríos Cornejo's predoctoral fellowschip under whitch he has been able to work in this paper. 45 páginas, 12 figuras, 2 tablas, 4 apéndices. Peer reviewed

The first search for single-top-quark production from the exchange of an s-channel virtual W boson using events with an imbalance in the total transverse energy, b-tagged jets, and no identified leptons is presented. Assuming the electroweak production of top quarks of mass 172.5 GeV/c(2) in the s channel, a cross section of 1.12(-0.57)(+0.61) (stat+syst) pb with a significance of 1.9 standard deviations is measured. This measurement is combined with the result obtained from events with an imbalance in total transverse momentum, b-tagged jets, and exactly one identified lepton, yielding a cross section of 1.36(-0.32)(+0.37) (stat+syst) pb, with a significance of 4.2 standard deviations.

El present estudi tracta la influència de la temperatura ambient en la demanda d’energia en edificis per tal de mantenir les condicions de confort interiors, pel que fa a climatització i qualitat de l’aire. L’objectiu ha estat avaluar com varia la demanda segons el mes de l’any i la localització. Per assolir aquest objectiu, s’ha fet ús de dades extretes del Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya corresponents a l’any 2017 (1) i d’un model de simulació de la demanda energètica desenvolupat per investigadors de la UPC (2)(3).